第一章：名词、语法点及练习
1、以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数 以-f或-fe结尾的名词变复数，大多把f或fe改为v,再加-es；也有一些直接加-s或两种形式皆可。 （1）、将f或fe改为v,再加-es的有thief（小偷），wife（妻子），life（生活），self（自己），leaf(叶子)，wolf（狼），shelf（架子），knife（刀子），half（一半）等。 这种情况可熟记下面一句话：
（2）直接在后面加-s的有gulf(海湾)，cliff（悬崖）,roof(屋顶)，chief（首领），belief（信仰），serf（农奴），proof（证据）等。这种情况可熟记下面这段话： （3）、两种形式皆可有的handkerchief（手帕），scarf（手帕），dwarf（矮子），wharf（码头），hoof（蹄）。这种情况可熟记下面一句话： 一个矮子在码头边拿着手帕甩蹄子 汉译英
他按照自己的信念做事。
He acted in accordance with his beliefs.
她房间里有两个书架，竖在长着大叶子的花的旁边。
There are two shelves in her room . Both are besides the flowers with large leaves.选择 The＿＿＿of these cottages were covered with＿＿＿.
A. roofs ； leafs B. roofs ； leaves C. roovs ； leafs D. rooves ； leaves
2、以-o结尾的名词变复数
以-o结尾的名词变复数时有两种情况： （1）、词尾加-s, 主要有bamboo（竹子），radio（收音机），zoo（动物园），photo（照片），piano（钢琴），kilo(公斤)等。可熟记下面一段话： 动物园里的熊猫坐在自己的玉照旁，悠闲地听着收音机里的钢琴曲，一连吃掉了好几公斤竹子 （2）、词尾加-es,主要有Negro（黑人），hero（英雄），tomato（西红柿），potato(马铃薯)。 黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和马铃薯
证据显示，海湾附近悬崖边屋顶上的农奴相信首领 树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙
汉译英
那些带有袋鼠的照片洗不出来了，因为胶卷坏了。
The photos with kangaroos didn`t come out,because the film was faulty. 两位英雄是种植马铃薯和西红柿的黑人。
The two heroes are Negroes who plant potatoes and tomatoes. 选择
Zhou zheng long was arrested because of the fake tiger＿＿＿. A. photos B. photoes C. photoe D.photo
3、常见的名词复数的不规则变化
man –men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice
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goose-geese child-children ox-oxen woman teacher-women teachers
4、表示“某国人”的名词的单复数形式 （1）、直接加-s。主要有Russians（人），Germans（德国人），Americans（美国人） (2)、以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men或-women。如：Englishmen(英国人),Frenchwomen(法国女人)等。
(3)以-ese结尾的词和Swiss(瑞士人)单复数同形.如:Japanese(日本人),Chinese(中国人),Portuguese(葡萄牙人)等 一句话搞定这些规则：
中日不变，英法变，其余-s添后面 我们两个是中国人，他们两个是法国人。
We two are Chinese , and they two are Frenchmen. 选择
Both Marx and Engels are ＿＿＿.
A. German B. Germans C. Germen D. German
5、具有两种复数形式的名词 （1）、penny“便士”。表示“价值”时，复数为pence；表示“钱币的个数”时，复数为pennies。
（2）、people表示“人，人们”时，是复数名词，无单数形式；表示“民族，种族”时，是可数名词，其复数形式为peoples。
（3）、fish表示“鱼的种类”时，复数为fishes；表示“条数”时，单复数同形；表示“鱼肉”时，是不可数名词。 汉译英
一英镑等于一百便士
There are 100 pence in one pound. 这条河里有各种各样的鱼
There are many kinds of fishes in this river.
6、容易混淆的可数名词和不可数名词 区分可数与不可数可以用“一分为二”的方法来判定，即把判定的事物任意分成两半之后，若每半都能有原来整个物质的性质，就是不可数名词。如：wood分成两半之后还有木头的性质，而desk分成两半之后就不是桌子了。
常见的一些不可数名词集锦：
air空气 water 水 cotton 棉花 meat肉 suger 糖 ink 墨水 gold 金子 flour 面 wealth 财富 love 爱 danger危险 beauty 美丽 happiness 幸福 patience 耐心 cold 寒冷 honesty 诚实
7、可转化为可数名词的不可数名词 （1）、物质名词表示个体概念时常可数
wind风—a wind 一阵风 tea 茶—a tea 一杯茶
paper纸—a paper 一份论文\\报纸 light 光线—a light 一盏灯 (2)、抽象名词具体化时为可数名词，表示“某种人或物”
beauty 美人或美丽的事物 failure 失败的人或事物 danger 令人感到危险的人或事物 pity 令人遗憾的人或事物 surprise 令人惊讶的人或事物 success 成功的人或事物
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（3）、有些可数名词的复数形式有特殊的含义
Rains 大量的雨水，多场雨 snows 大量的雪，多场雪 winds 大风，多场风 waters 大片水域 sands 沙滩 woods 森林 fruits 各种各样的水果 glasses 眼镜
forces brains 智力，聪明的人 looks 外表 manners 礼貌 （4）、个别专有名词视为可数名词 A Newton 一个牛顿式的人物 two Marys 两个叫玛丽的 选择
May I take your order now?
We`d like three ＿＿＿and two ＿＿＿. A. tea;cups of coffee B. teas ;coffees
C. cups of tea ; coffee D. cup of teas; cup of coffees
8、’s所有格的构成规则
一般单数名词的词尾加-’s;以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，在词尾加-’；不以-s结尾的复数名词的所有格，在词尾加-’s. 汉译英
妇女节离现在还有两周
Women ’s Day is in two weeks’time .(Y)
9、何时在最后一个名词后加s，何时在每个名词后都加s
表示几个人共有一物，只在最后一个名词用所有格形式；如表示各自拥有时，则每个名词后都要用所有格形式。
史密斯先生是我爸爸和妈妈的朋友。
Mr Smith is my father and mother`s friend. 露西的房间比汤姆和莉莉的都大。
Lucy`s room is bigger than Tom`s and Lily`s.
10、表示时间、距离等无生命的名词的所有格是在后面直接加-’s或-’。 他父亲离开五年之后又回来了。
Her father returned home after five years’absence.
选择
The village is far away from here indeed. It`s ＿＿＿walk.
A. a four hour B.a four hour’s C. a four-hours D. a four hours’
11、of所有格与双重所有格的区别
Of 所有格用名词普通格或人称代词宾格，双重所有格中of后用名词’s所有格或名词性物主代词。而picture,photo,portrait等词用of所有格侧重同位关系，用双重所有格侧重所有与部分关系。 这是我妈妈的一张照片
This is a photo of my mother.
What’s that on the desk?
It’s a letter sent by＿＿＿.
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A. my father friend B. my father friend’s C. a friend of my father’s D. friends of my father
12、名词的修饰语
只修饰可数名词的修饰语有（a）few, several, many(a),a number of ,more than one等；
只修饰不可数名词的修饰语有（a）little, much,a good\\great deal of, a bit of,a large amount of等；
既修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的有some, a lot of ,lots of ,plenty of,enough,most, a mass of,all, quantities of, a quantity of ,the rest,masses of 等。
汉译英
我有几本有关园艺的书
I have got a few books on gardening. 每年大量的钱都被花在烟草上
A large amount of money is spent on tobacco every year. 选择
He doesn’t have ＿＿＿furniture in his room---just an old desk.(2008陕西) A. any B. many C. some D. much
In china＿＿＿graduates go abroad to have further study every year. A. a great deal of B. many a C. a large amount of D. masses of
13、名词作定语时用单数还是复数
名词作定语说明事物的用途、材料等，一般用单数；
man\\woman作定语时，单复数形式要与被修饰的名词一致； 还有一些只以复数形式出现的名词作定语仍然用复数形式。
a clothes shop 一家服装店 a glasses store 一家眼镜店 a goods train 一辆运送货物的火车 a sports meet 一次运动会 女同学正在操场上打排球
The girl students are playing volleyball on the playground.
The ＿＿＿is just around the corner and you won’t miss it(2001上海) A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’shop
-It ’s getting dark earlier than before,isn’t it? -Yes ,I think so. I see ＿＿＿ are on already.
A. the streets lights B. the lights of the street’s C. the streets’lights D. the street lights
14、cause,reason,excuse 有何不同？
cause是造成一种事实或现象的“原因。起因”，后常接介词of; reason是说明一种看法或行为的“理由”，后常接for; excuse“借口，辩解”，多指为免受指责或推卸责任而找出的理由。 翻译
火灾通常起因于粗心。
Carelessness is the usual cause of fire.
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又迟到了，你这次的借口是什么？
Late again！ What’s your excuse this time?
选择
-I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.(2003 北京) -There is no ＿＿＿for this while you are on duty. A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation
15、mistake，error，和fault的用法区别 三个词有“错误，过错”之意。
mistake强调日常生活中判断和看法的错误；
error强调违反某一标准做的错事，包括道德上的错误； fault强调责任过错或性格上的弱点、缺点。
这三个词在一些固定短语中不能混用，如an error of judgement(判断错误)， by mistake(错误地)，find fault with„(找茬儿，挑剔,吹毛求疵)等 她的美德弥补了她的缺点。
Her virtue offset her fault.
I broke off my relationship with John because he always found ＿＿＿with whatever I did.
A. error B. mistake C. fault D. failure
16、energy，force，power，strength的用法区别 energy主要指精力、活力、身体内部的能量、能源；
force着重指发挥出的力量、效力、暴力，也可指物质和精神力量等，复数形式指“武力”； power着重指人的权力、势力、能力和物的动力；
strength指本身具有的并能给人一种“强壮”感觉的体力或内力。 空军被派往前线。
Air forces were sent to the front. 这匹马身大力强。
The horse was of great size and strength. 中国是个人民掌权的国家。
China is a country where the people are in power. 选择
You are always full of ＿＿＿. Can you tell me the secret?(2007福建) A. power B. strength C. force D. energy
17、situation，state，condition，occasion的用法区别 situation“形势，情况”，指明确、具体的环境情况或处境；
state“状态，情形”，指人或物在环境、外表、心灵以及健康方面的状况，或指在某一阶段的状态或形式，常用单数形式；
condition“状况，情况”，指处于一定的原因、条件或环境产生的特定情况； occasion“场合，时机”，时间性较强，表示某个时间内的状况。 副总统健康状况不佳。
The vice president is in a state of poor health. 他抓住机会邀请她回家吃饭。
He seized the occasion to invite her home for dinner.
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选择
School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous ＿＿＿(2006辽宁) A. state B. conditions C. situations D. positions
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( ) 1 She was very happy. She in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake
( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things.
A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes
( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___? -Yes, please.
A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____.
A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 2
( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit.
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A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 3
( ) 1 -Would you like___tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two____.
A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him ___ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( ) 3 It really took him:___ to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time ( ) 4 I would like to have___.
A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks ( ) 5 Can you give me ____?
A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please give me ___ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 7 John bought___for himself yesterday.
A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D.
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two pairs shoes 4
( ) 1 -How many ____ have you got on your farm? -I've got five.
A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken
( ) 2 Some ___ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 3 In the picture there are many____ and two. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs
( ) 4 A group of______ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American 5
( ) 1 This table is made of___.
A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass ( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -I'd like____. !
A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken ( ) 3 Children should make____ for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room 6
( ) 1 Tables are made of___.
A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods
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( ) 2 I wonder why ______ are so interested in action (武打片) films.
A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples ( ) 3I have read____ of the young writer. A. works B. work C. this works D. the works 7
( ) 1 Let's meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of___? A. the People's Park B. the Peoples' Park C. the People Park D. People's Park
( ) 2 ___ Chinese people are ___ hard working people. A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a
( ) 3 How many were there in the street when the accident happened?
A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples 8
( ) 1 If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller____. A. set B. one C. piece D. pair ( ) 2 Last week I bought a TV____. A. pair . B. set C. piece D. block
( ) 3 There is a of wood left on the ground. A. cup B. piece , C. box D. pair 9
( ) 1 There are sixty-seven___ in our school.
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A. women's teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher
( ) 2 There are five___in our factory.
A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers
( ) 3 These ____ were sent to the villages to help the farmers. A. women doctor B. women doctors C. woman doctors D. woman doctor 10
( ) 1 They write most of their___ in English.
A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters
( ) 2 We came to a ___ at last .and went in.
A. watch shop B. watches shop ,'C. watching shop D. watchs shop ( ) 3 This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. It's a___. A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop ( ) 4 She broke a___while she was washing up.
A. glass of wine B. glass for wine C. glass wine D. wine glass ( ) 5 I've forgotten both of the____.
A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers D. room number 11
1. September 10th is____in China.
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A. Teacher's Day B. Teachers'Day C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day ( ) 2 -Is the broom under ____ desk? -No, it's under____. A. the teacher's; my B. teacher's; mine C. teacher's; me D. the teacher's; mine
( ) 3 Excuse me, where is the___?
A. men's room B. mens' room C. men's rooms D. men rooms 12
( ) 1 The football under the bed is____.
A. Lily and Lucy B. Lily's and Lucy's C. Lily's and Lucy D. Lily and Lucy's
( ) 2 This is my____dictionary.
A. sister Mary B. sister's C. sister, Mary's D. sister's Mary's ( ) 3 He went to ___ shop to buy a shirt. A. a tailor B. the tailor C. a tailors D. the tailors' ( ) 4 Joan is____.
A. Mary's and Jack sister B. Mary and Jack's sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Mary's and Jack's sister 13
( ) 1 In a few____ time, those mountains will be covered with trees. A. year B. years' C. year's D. years ( ) 2 It's about ___ walk from my house.
A. ten minute B. ten minutes' C. ten minute's D. ten minutes ( ) 3 The post office is a bit far from here. It's about_____.
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A. thirty minutes's walk B. thirty minute's walk C. thirty minutes' walk D. thirty minutes walk ( ) 4 Half___ telephone calls are made in English. A. the world B. world C. the world's D. world's 14
( ) 1 ____ face to the south.
A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The room's windows D. The windows in room ( ) 2 Please take two___.
A. picture of the park B. pictures of the park C. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park ( ) 3 The workers are repairing____.
A. the roof of the house B. a roof of the house C. roof of the house D. this roof of house 15
( ) 1 Miss Smith is a friend of____.
A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother C. mother's of Mary D. Mary mothers
( ) 2 This is a book of ___. A. Tom B. Tom's C. her D. him ( ) 3 The post card is sent by ____.
A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my father's C. my father friend D. my father friend's
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( ) 1 Sydney is a city of___.
A. America B. Germany C. Australia D. Japan ( ) 2 My father likes buying us ___. A. cars B. flowers C. peasants D. presents ( ) 3 In England, the last name is the ___.
A. full name B. family name C. middle name D. given name ( ) 4 Mr Gao is a teacher. He works in a new____. A. shop B. school C. factory D. hospital 17
( ) 1 My father is a____. He works in a hospital. A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. soldier ( ) 2 -Which animal lives only in China? -The____.
A. tiger B. monkey C. panda D. elephant ( ) 3 April come before___and after___. A. March; May B. May; March C. June; May D. March; February ( ) 4 Which of the following is right?
A. China has a large population. B. China has much population. C. China has many populations. D. China has a great deal of population.
( ) 5 Please do like this. Fold the paper____ and cut along the fold.
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A. into pieces B. in half C. on halves D. to half
( ) 6 You played the violin wonderfully. Will you please play another____?
A. ones B. game C. programme D. piece
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