一、重点单词与短语：
1. react vi. （对……）作出反应；有不良反应，过敏；起化学反应
①react to 对……作出反应/过敏 ②react with 与……起化学反应 ③react against 反对，反抗 ④react on 对……有影响
▲reaction n. 回应，反应；生理反应，副作用 (to)
▲reactive adj. 反应的，有反应的，回应的；能起化学反应的 典题赏析：
1) Local residents have reacted angrily ___________ the news. 当地居民对这一消息表示愤怒。 2) Iron reacts ____________ water and air to produce rust. 铁和水及空气起化学反应而生锈。 3) He reacts strongly ____________ his father. 他强烈反对他的父亲。
4) The rise in oil costs reacted ___________ the price of food. 油费的上涨影响了食物的价格。 5) What is their __________________ the report? 他们对这份报道反应如何？
2. mail n. 电子邮件；邮政，邮递系统 (the~)；邮件，邮包，信件；邮报 [u]
vt.
邮寄；用电子邮件传送，发电邮给
①by mail 邮寄；通过邮递；通过写信 ②in the mail 在邮件中；在邮寄途中 ③mail sth. to sb. 把某物邮寄给某人
▲mailbox n. 信箱；邮箱，邮筒；电子邮箱 [c] ▲mailbag n. 邮袋 [c] ▲mailman n. 邮递员 [c] 典题赏析：
1) Did you send it ____________________? 你是通过邮递把它寄走的吗？
2) Is there anything interesting _______________________? 邮件中有什么有趣的东西吗？ 3) I will _______________ this letter _________________ you tomorrow. 我明天把这封信寄给你。
3. competent adj. 足以胜任的，有能力的，称职的；合格的，不错的；
有决定权的，有法定权力的
①be competent for/in 胜任……
②be competent to do sth. 有能力干某事；有权干某事 ▲competently adv. 胜任地；适合地
▲competence n. 能力，胜任 [c/u]；权限，管辖权 [u]；技能，本领 [c] 典题赏析：
1) Tom is very competent ______________ his work.
2) Make sure the firm _____________________________ carry out the work. 要确保这家公司有能力完成这项工作。
3) This court ______________________________ hear your case. 这个法庭无权审理你的案子。
4. obtain vt. （尤指经努力）获得，赢得
①obtain advice/information/permission 得到忠告/信息/许可 ▲obtainable adj. 可获得的，可得到的 典题赏析：
1) You can _________________________ through practice. 你可以从实践经验中获得知识。 2) Full details are ____________________ (obtain) from any post office.
5. suit vt. 对（某人）方便，满足（某人）需要，合（某人）心意；
相配，合身；适合，适宜，有利于 n. 套装，西装，西服 [c]
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①suit…to… 使……适合……
②suit oneself 随自己的意愿做事；（表示听凭对方的意愿）自便，随便 ③suit sb. fine 很合某人的意，对某人很合适 ④suit one’s book 对某人方便/有用 ⑤It suits sb. to do sth. 干某事适合某人 ⑥a suit of 一套
⑦follow suit 跟着做，照着做，仿效
▲suited adj. 合适的，适当的，适宜的；般配的 (反：unsuited) ⑧be suited to/for sth. 合适/适宜…… ⑨be suited to do sth. 适合干某事
▲suitable adj. 合适的，适合的 (反：unsuitable) ⑩be suitable for 适合…… ⑪be suitable to do sth. 适合干某事 辨析：fit，suit与match的区别
1) fit 多指大小、尺寸、形状合适，通常意为“合身，适合”。 The new coat fits me well. 那件新外套很适合我。
2) suit 多指衣服、鞋子等的颜色、款式、花样适合；还可指事物合乎需要、口味、性格、条件、地位等。
Does the time suit you? 那个时间适合你吗？ No dish suits all tastes. 众口难调。
3) match 多指大小、色调、形状、性质等多方面的搭配。
Your suit doesn’t match your tie. 你的西服与你的领带不搭配。 典题赏析：
1) A good teacher ______________ his lessons _____________ the age of his pupils. 一个好教师能够使他的课堂适应学生的年龄
2) His new job ____________ well ____________ his abilities. 他的新工作跟他的能力很相配。 3) —How about eight o’clock outside the cinema? —That ________________（适合）me fine.
4) This programme _____________________________ children. 这个节目儿童不宜。 5) I don’t have anything suitable __________________ (wear) for the party. 6) It suits me ____________________ (start) work at a later time. 7) —I think I’ll stay in this evening.
— ______________________（随你的便）!
8) The coat ______________ me perfectly. However, the colour is too dark. Purple and blue are the colours that _______________ me well. A blue coat _________________ a purple trouser, they look very well together. (用suit, fit和match填空)
6. negotiate vt. & vi. 谈判，协商；商定，达成（协议）
①negotiate with sb. about/for sth. 就某事和某人谈判
②negotiate a deal/contract/treaty/settlement 达成交易/确立合同/商定条约内容/商定解决措施 ③the negotiating table 谈判桌 come to the negotiating table 开始正式谈判 ▲negotiation n. 谈判，磋商，协商 [c，一般用复数；u]
④enter into/open/conduct negotiations with sb. 和某人开始/展开/进行谈判 ⑤be open to negotiation 可以协商 ⑥in negotiation with 与……协商 ⑦under negotiation 在协商中
▲negotiable adj. 可协商的，可讨论的；流通的，可兑现的，可转让的；可通行的 ▲negotiator n. 谈判代表；协商者 典题赏析：
1) We have decided to negotiate _____________ you ______________ our cooperation. 2) They agreed to try to settle their dispute by _________________ (negotiate).
3) The official says that the next step is ________________________ (negotiate) the treaty. 4) It is still ________________________（在协商中）about when to hold the sports meet.
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5) A contract is prepared _______________________________ our clients. 我们和客户协商起草了一份合同。
6) The terms of the contract are still __________________________. 合同条款仍可协商。
7. fold vt. 折叠，对折；包，裹 (反：unfold)
n.
褶，褶层，折叠部分 [c]
①fold up 折叠，对折；倒闭，歇业 ②fold...in half/two 把……对折起来 ③fold one’s arms 双臂交叉在胸前 ④fold sb. in one’s arms 拥抱/搂住某人
⑤fold A in B=fold B around/over A 用B包着A
⑥above/below the fold（报纸或网页）最上/下面部分，最显眼/不显眼部分 典题赏析：
1) He ____________ the map ____________ and put it in his pocket. 他把地图折起来，放进了口袋。
2) The woman ____________ the tickets __________ two and tore them ___________ half. 那个女人把票对折后撕成两半。
3) She gently folded the baby ____________ a blanket. She gently folded a blanket _______________ the baby. 她轻轻地把婴儿裹在毯子里。
4) Your ad will be placed _________________________ in our newspaper. 你们的广告将放在我们报纸的醒目位置。
5) Tom stood silently with his arms ________________. 汤姆交叉着双臂一言不发地站着。
8. knowledgeable adj. 博学的，有见识的，知识渊博的
①be knowledgeable about 对……有见识 ▲knowledgeably adv.
▲knowledge n. 知识，学问，学识 [u] 典题赏析：
1) She is very knowledgeable _________________ plants.
9. put yourself in sb.’s shoes (=be in sb.’s shoes) 处于某人的境地，设身处地 典题赏析：
1) You need to ________________________________ and try to understand why they did it. 你要站在他们的立场上去理解他们为什么那样做。
2) If I were ___________________________, I would resign immediately. 要是我处于你的位置，我就立刻辞职。
10. sympathy n. 同情；赞同，支持；慰问 [u/c]
①express/have/feel sympathy for sb. 向某人表示体恤；对某人感到同情
②in sympathy with 因……而出现，相应发生；赞同，支持 (=have sympathy for) ③out of sympathy with 不赞成，不支持（某人或事物） ④out of sympathy for 出于对……的同情 ⑤a letter/message of sympathy 慰问信
▲sympathetic adj. 同情的，支持的，有同感的 ▲sympathize vi. 同情，怜悯；赞同，支持 (with) 典题赏析：
1) After hearing her story, he __________________（对她感到同情）and decided to help her out. 2) ________________________________（出于对……的同情）the earthquake victims, the kind-hearted lady gave away her clothes and quilts to them.
3) The seamen were on strike ___________________________（支持）the dockers.
4) Share prices slipped ___________________________（因……而出现）the German market. 5) I was ______________________________（不赞成）this point of view.
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6) I find it very hard to sympathize _____________ him.
11. account for 是……的说明/原因；（数量上、比例上）占；解释，说明 ①take...into account=take account of 考虑到，顾及 ②be of great/no account 很重要/不重要 ③on one’s account 为了某人的缘故 ④on this/that account 由于这/那个缘故 ⑤on account of 因为，由于
⑥on no account 决不 (位于句首时，句子要用倒装) ⑦on all accounts/every account 无论如何 ⑧by/from all accounts 据说，根据报道 典题赏析：
1) The poor weather may have accounted for the small crowded. 意为：___________________ 2) How do you account for the show’s success? 意为：___________________
3) Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. 意为：__________ 4) On no account ___________________ tell him about our plans. 你决不能把我们的计划告诉他。
5) Mark was stopped from returning home _________________________ the sudden heavy rain. Besides, _______________ safety ____________________________, he decided to stay in the tent for another night. These _________________________ his absence from school.
由于突然下大雨，马克没能回家。此外，考虑到安全问题，他决定在帐篷里面再待一个晚上。这些就是他缺课的原因。
12. approve vt. 批准，通过 （后接计划、要求、提案等）
vi.
赞成，同意 (反：disapprove)
①approve sth. 批准/通过某事
②approve of sb./sth. 同意/赞成某人/某事
③approve of (sb./sb’s) doing sth. 同意/赞成（某人）干某事 ▲approval n. 批准，认可；赞成，同意 [u] ▲approving adj. 赞成的，赞许的，满意的
The committee approved the plan. 委员会通过了计划。
I told my mother I wanted to leave school but she didn’t approve. 我告诉母亲我不想继续上学，但是母亲不同意。
Not everyone approves of the festival. 不是每个人都喜欢这个节日。
He doesn’t approve of me/my leaving school this year. 他不同意我今年离校。 典题赏析：
1) My teacher didn’t approve of my __________________ (leave) school early today.
2) The professor finally submitted his project to the school board for _____________ (approve) last month.
3) She wanted to train for the theatre, but her parents _____________ (approve) of her intention. 4) I __________________________ to earn some money, but please don’t neglect your studies. 我同意你设法去挣一些钱，可是请不要忽视学业。
13. gain vt. & vi. 获得，赢得，取得；增进，增长；（从……中）受益
n.
好处，利益 [c]
①gain one’s respect/trust 赢得某人的尊重/信任
②gain experience/fame/independence/support获得经验/名声//支持 ③gain weight 体重增加
④gain (...) from/by... 从……中受（……）益
⑤There is nothing to be gained from/by... 干……是无济于事的。
⑥gain access to 进入（建筑物）；得以见到（某人），得以使用（某物） ⑦No pains, no gains. 不劳则无获
⑧A fall into a pit, a gain in one’s wit. 吃一堑长一智。 典题赏析：
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1) Only when we respect others, ___________________________________________. 只有当我们尊重别人时，我们才能赢得别人的尊重。
2) You will _____________________________in working with computers. 你在使用电脑的过程中会得到有用的经验。
3) I ________________________________________ recently. 近来我的体重增加了许多。
4) The police managed to _____________________（进入）the house through a broken window. 5) There is nothing ______________________ (gain) from delaying the decision. 6) Who stands to gain ________________ this decision?
14. gesture n. 手势，姿势 [c/u]；姿态，表示 [c]
vi. & vt.
做手势，用手势表示，用动作示意
①gesture language 手势语，肢体语言 ②by gesture 用手势 ③make a gesture 做手势
④as a gesture of (friendship/goodwill/support) 作为……的表示 ⑤gesture for/to sb. to do sth. 用手势示意某人干某事 ⑥gesture to sb. that... 用手势示意某人…… 典题赏析：
1) They communicated entirely _______________________. 他们完全用手势交流。
2) They sent some flowers _________________________ sympathy to the parents of the child. 他们送了一些花表示对孩子父母的同情。
3) She gestured _______________ the applicants to come in. 她示意让申请人进来。 4) He gestured _______________ me that it was time to go. 他示意我该走了。
5) If you find it hard to express yourself clearly in English, you can _______________________. 如果你觉得难以用英语清楚地表达你自己，你可以做些手势。
15. precisely adv. 准确地，恰好地；细心地，精确地；
正是，确实；对，的确如此，一点不错
①precisely speaking 严格说来; 确切地讲 ②more precisely更确切地说；更严格地说 ③describe sth. precisely 精确地描述某事物
▲precise adj. 准确的，精确的，确切的；就，恰好；认真的，一丝不苟的 ④to be (more) precise 确切地说，准确地说 典题赏析：
1) That’s __________________ what I meant. 那恰恰是我的意思。
2) It’s ___________________ because I care about you that I don’t like you staying out late. 正是因为我关心你，我才不要你太晚回家。 3)—Roberts should resign.
— ____________________（的确如此）.
4) The problem is due to discipline, or, ___________________, the lack of discipline in schools. 问题出在纪律上，或者更确切地说，是学校缺乏纪律。
5) My parents live abroad—in the USA _________________________. 我的父母生活在国外，确切地说，住在美国。
16. preference n. 喜欢，偏爱 [u]；优惠，优待 [c/u]；偏爱的事物 [c]
①have a preference for 偏爱……
②give (a) preference to 给予……优先权；优待 ③in preference to 优先于……；而不是 ▲prefer vt. 更喜欢，宁愿，希望
④prefer to do sth./doing sth. 喜欢干某事 ⑤prefer sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人干某事
⑥prefer sth. to sth. 喜欢……而不喜欢……
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢干……而不喜欢干……
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⑦prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
prefer doing sth. rather than doing sth. 宁愿干某事而不愿干某事 ▲preferable adj. 较适合的，更可取的 典题赏析：
1) Each of us is likely to have a preference _______________certain types of entertainment. 2) As for diet, Mary chooses vegetables and fruit ___________________ any kind of meat.
3) For sustainable development, the government has decided to _______________________those energy-saving and environment-friendly businesses.
4) Many people living in the city would actually prefer _________________ (live) in the country. 5) Nowadays, many teenagers prefer _____________ (stay) at home rather than ______________ (go) out.
17. jam n. 果酱 [u]；拥挤，堵塞 [c]；困境 [c/u]；卡住 [c]
vt. 使劲挤/压/塞；挤进，挤满；夹住，卡住；干扰
①strawberry jam 草莓酱
②traffic jam 交通阻塞，堵车 ③be in a jam 陷入困境
④jam tomorrow 可望而不可即的美好未来，许而不予的好东西 ⑤jam on the brakes 猛踩刹车 典题赏析：
1) Sorry, we are late. We got stuck in ________________________. 对不起，我们来晚了，路上堵车。
2) The boss was _____________________ because the workers were on strike. 因为工人罢工，老板陷入了困境。
3) They refused to settle for a promise of ___________________________. 他们并不满足于那些美好未来的空话。
4) The photocopier keeps ______________ up. 这台复印机老是卡纸。
18. somewhat adv. 有点，有几分，稍微
▲somehow adv. 不知为什么；不知怎么地；莫名其妙地
▲anyhow adv. (=anyway) 不管怎样，无论如何；不过，总之；
尽管；而且；随便地，杂乱无章地；
典题赏析：用somehow, anyhow, somewhat填空：
1) His theories are __________________ remote from reality. 2) He is nice, but _________________ I don’t like him.
3) I don’t know if it was lost or stolen; _______________, it’s gone.
19. embarrassed adj. 窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的
①be embarrassed about 对……感到尴尬 ②be embarrassed at 因……感到尴尬 ③be embarrassed to do sth. 尴尬干某事
▲embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬的，令人不好意思的
▲embarrass vt. 使窘迫，使尴尬；使为难，使困惑，使陷入困境 ④embarrass sb. into doing sth. 使某人为难干某事 ⑤It embarrasses sb. to do sth. 干某事使某人尴尬
▲embarrassment n. 害羞，窘迫，难堪 [u]；使人为难的处境，困境 [c]；令人为难的人 [c] ⑥to one’s embarrassment 使某人感到尴尬的是 典题赏析：
1) The girl is embarrassed _________________ her height.
2) He felt embarrassed _________________ being the center of attention.
3) Some women are too embarrassed ______________ (consult) their doctor about the problem. 4) It embarrassed her _____________________ (meet) strange men in the corridor at night.
5) His __________________ questions made me feel greatly ___________________. I felt my face burning with ____________________. (embarrass)
20. intention n. 意图，计划，打算，目的 [c/u]
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①have no intention of doing sth. 没有干某事的意图/打算 ②with the intention of doing sth. 怀着干某事的意图/打算 ③intention to do sth. 干某事的意图/打算 ④good/the best intentions 一片好心/好意 ⑤by intention 故意地
▲intentional adj. 有意的，故意的 ▲intentionally adv. 有意地，故意地 ▲intend vt. 想要，打算，计划
⑥intend to do sth./doing sth. 想要/打算干某事 ⑦intend sb. to do sth. 想要/打算某人干某事
⑧intended to have done sth./had intended to do sth. 本打算干某事（而实际上未干） ⑨intend that... 打算……
⑩intend sb. for sth./intend sb. to do sth. 打算让某人做……；要使某人成为…… ⑪be intended for 专为……而设计的，专供……使用的 ⑫be intended to do sth. 打算干某事 典题赏析：
1) I have no _________________ (intend) of helping him after what he said to me.
2) The book isn’t intended ___________ general readers probably because the author employed too many scientific terms.
3) He intends ___________________ (study) abroad next year.
4) He _______________ (intend) to return home, but he put off the trip due to the bad weather. 5) It is not my intention _________________ (argue) with you.
6) The books _________________ (intend) for children were lost last week.
21. correspond vi. 类似于；相一致，符合；通信
①correspond to 相当于……，类似于…… ②correspond to/with与……相符/相称/一致 ③correspond with 与……通信 典题赏析：
1) The written record of the conversation doesn’t correspond __________ what was actually said. 2) The U.S. Congress corresponds ___________ the British Parliament. 3) Are you still corresponding ____________ your American friend? 22. behave vi. & vt. 表现得体，有礼貌；表现（后接副词、介宾短语或as if/though引
导的状语从句）
①behave oneself 放规矩点；表现得体 ②behave well/badly 表现得好/不好
▲behavior n. 行为，举止，态度 (towards) [u] ③good/bad behavior 良好的/恶劣的行为
④be on one’s best behavior 尽可能好地表现，尽量行为检点
▲well-behaved adj. 表现好的，行为规矩的 (比较级：better-behaved) ▲badly-behaved adj. 表现差的，不守规矩的 (比较级：worse-behaved) 典题赏析：
1) Tom, ___________________（放规矩点）! Did you forget the school rules? 【上海卷】 2) The headmaster will not tolerate ___________________（不规矩的行为）in class. 3) They ________________________ towards their guests. 他们对客人们很不礼貌。
4) He behaved ___________________ nothing had happened. 他显得像是什么都没发生过。 5) Her father’s behavior ________________ him was irrational.
6) I want you both to be ______________your best behavior at grandpa’s.
7) As you know, family rules, which let us know how to behave __________________ (we) and develop healthily, are greatly beneficial to us.
23. tolerate vt. 容许，允许；忍受，容忍；
能经受（困难条件），（对药物）有耐受性
①tolerate doing 容忍干某事
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▲tolerance n. 容忍，忍受，宽容 [u]；忍耐力，忍受性 [c/u] (反：intolerance)
▲tolerable adj. 可接受的，可忍受的，可容忍的；尚好的，还可以的 (反：intolerable) ▲tolerant adj. 忍受的，容忍的，宽容的；能在困难条件下生存的，能耐……的 (反：intolerant) ②be tolerant of 对……宽容；能耐……的 典题赏析：
1) She refused to tolerate ____________________ (call) a liar.
2) Every man has his faults. We should, therefore, learn to be tolerant _____________ others’. 3) To create a harmonious society, we need to show greater _______________ (tolerate) towards each other.
4) The apartment is really too small, but it’s __________________ (tolerate) for the time being. 24. fluent adj.（尤指外语）流利的，流畅的，熟练的 ①be fluent in 在……方面流利/流畅 ▲fluency n. 流利，流畅 [c/u] ②with fluency 流利地，流畅地
③have fluency in 在……方面流利/流畅 ▲fluently adv. 流利地，流畅地 典题赏析：根据句意填空 他英语讲得流利。
1) He ___________ ___________ _________ English. 2) He speaks English ___________ ___________. 3) He speaks English ___________.
25. cooperate vi. 合作，协作；协助，配合
①cooperate with sb. in/on sth. 在……方面与某人合作/配合 ②cooperate to do sth. 合作干某事
▲cooperation n. 合作，协作；协助，配合 [u] ③in cooperation with 与……合作 ④full/complete cooperation 全力合作
▲cooperative adj. 合作的，协作的；协助的，配合的 ▲cooperator n. 合作者；合作社社员 典题赏析：
1) The two groups agreed to cooperate _____________ each other _____________ this plan. 2) China and the UN are cooperating ______________________ (deliver) supplies to the area. 3) This report is produced by the government __________________________（与……合作）the chemical industry.
4) The woman in the bank wasn’t very _____________________ (cooperate). 26. cite vt. 提及（原因），举出（示例），列举；引用，引述；
传唤，传讯；嘉奖，表彰，表扬
①cite...as... 提及/引用……当作…… ②cite an example 举例；引用一个例子 ③cite sb. for sth. 因某事而传唤/表扬某人
▲citation n. 引文，引语 [c]；引用，引证 [u]；表彰，嘉奖状 [c] 典题赏析：
1) He _____________ his heavy workload _____________ the reason for his breakdown. 他说繁重的工作负荷是导致他累垮的原因。
2) Joe _____________________________ his bravery. 乔因表现勇敢而得到嘉奖。
3) Space does not permit the _________________ of the examples. 篇幅有限，示例从略。
27. broaden one’s mind 拓展视野，开阔眼界
①broaden one’s horizons 开阔视野 ②broad out 逐渐变宽/阔 典题赏析：
1) Spending a year working in the city helped to ____________________.
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在城市工作的一年拓宽了他的视野。
2) The river ______________________ at this point. 河面在这里开始变宽。
28. oppose vt. 反对，抵制，阻挠；（在竞赛中）与……对垒/角逐 ①oppose sb. 反对某人，与某人对垒/角逐 ②oppose (doing) sth. 反对（干）某事 ▲opposed adj. 强烈反对的；截然不同的 ③be opposed (to) doing sth. 反对（干）某事
④as opposed to 而不是，与……对照之下，相对于
▲opposition n. 反对，反抗 [u]；对手，敌手 [c]；反对党，在野党 [c] ▲opposing adj. 对抗的，对立的；相反的 典题赏析：
1) I strongly oppose ________________ (take) children to such dangerous places.
2) Many citizens are strongly opposed to ____________________ (pull) down the 100-year-old building in the centre of the city.
3) The plan should be adapted to the changes; otherwise it will meet with strong ____________ (oppose).
4) A player in the __________（对抗的）team had to leave the field because of ankle injury. 5) I’d prefer to go on holiday in May, __________________________（而不是）September.
29. reject vt. 拒绝接受，不予考虑；拒收，不录用，拒绝接纳；排斥，排异；
（因质量差）不用，不出售，不出版；不够关心，慢待
①reject an argument/an offer/a claim/a decision/a suggestion 拒绝接受一个论点/一项提议/一项要求/一个决定/一个建议 ▲rejection n. 拒绝接受，否决 [c/u] 辨析：
一) reject, refuse, 与decline的区别：
1) reject“拒绝/收”，只可接名词，主语只能是人；指拒绝建议、提议、计划、求婚、正义、忠告等或扔掉认为无价值的东西。语气比refuse更强，正式用词，强调不接受、不采纳他人的意见、建议、请求等。也可表示由于客观条件不符合规定的标准而遭到拒绝。 reject a suggestion/a plan/justice/advice/a bad apple
2) refuse“拒绝”，可接不定式、名词或代词，主语可以是人或物；指拒绝做某事或拒绝邀请、允许、提议等，语气比decline强，含有非常坚决地、不客气地拒绝的意味。 refuse to do sth./an invitation/admittance/an offer
3) decline“拒绝，婉拒，谢绝”，指拒绝做某事或拒绝邀请、提议、引诱、争论等，相当于refuse politely，比较正式。
decline to do sth./an invitation/an offer/an argument 二) refuse与reject作名词时的区别： 1) refuse n. 废物，垃圾 [u]
2) reject n. 废品，次品；遭拒的东西，被抛弃的东西 [c] 典题赏析：
1) I regret to inform you that your application has been rejected. 意为：____________________ 2) I have been rejected by all the universities that I supplied to. 意为：____________________ 3) Imperfect articles are rejected by our quality control. 意为：____________________ 4) Children feel abandoned or rejected if they don’t see their parents regularly.意为：___________ 5) If doctors can predict when patients are beginning to reject the transplanted organ, they could try to solve it. 意为：____________________
6) Although writing a ___________________ (reject) letter can be difficult, there are situations where it is absolutely necessary.
30. pessimistic adj. 悲观的，悲观主义的 (反：optimistic) ①be pessimistic about 对……感到悲观
▲pessimistically adv. 悲观地，悲观主义地 (反：optimistically)
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▲pessimism n. 悲观，悲观主义 [u] (反：optimism) ▲pessimist n. 悲观主义者 (反：optimist) 典题赏析：
1) Mary used to be pessimistic _____________ her life, but now she has changed.
2) Every life has its ups and downs, but having an ____________________ (optimism) attitude to life is very important.
31. tendency n. 趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好，性情 [c]
①a tendency to/towards... ……的趋势/倾向
②have a tendency to do sth. 倾向于干某事，往往会干某事 ▲tend vi. 易于，往往会；走向，趋向，倾向
vt. 照管，照料，护理；招待，侍候
③tend to/towards sth. 有……的趋势，倾向于…… ④tend to do sth. 易于/往往会干某事 ⑤tend (to) sb./sth 照料，招待 典题赏析：
1) There is a growing ______________ (tend) among young girls that they choose not to marry. 2) Research shows that if we are faced with too much information, we have a tendency _________ (make) poor choices.
3) Occupied with routine office tasks, she had no time to tend ____________ her children. 4) A child’s tendency ______________ fatness is due to the food he eats.
32. slip vi. 滑倒；滑落；溜；陷入
n. 差错；纸条；滑跤 [c]
①slip over 滑到，滑跤
②slip away 逃走，悄悄溜走；消失，消亡，死去
③slip out 溜出，悄悄地溜出去；无意中说出/泄露；迅速脱下 (of) (=slip off) ④slip in 悄悄溜入；偷偷溜进去
⑤slip into 溜进；使滑入；陷入；迅速穿上（衣服）(=slip on) ⑥slip by 飞掠而过
⑦slip up 疏忽；不小心出差错 ⑧make a slip 犯错误，出差错
⑨a slip of the tongue/pen 口误/笔误 ▲slipper n. 拖鞋，便鞋
▲slippery adj. 滑的；油滑的；棘手的 典题赏析：
1) She ___________________（滑到）on the ice and broke her leg. 2) Nobody saw him ____________________（悄悄地溜走）. 3) He was observed ______________________ （溜进）the house and helped himself to find what he liked before the owner came back.
4) _______________________（迅速脱下）your shirt and I’ll take your blood pressure. 5) Time ___________________（飞逝）slowly and the final exam approached.
6) He recited the whole poem without making a single _____________（差错，小错误）. 7) “Jim” was a ____________ of the tongue; I meant to say “John”. Jim是口误，我是想说John。
33. fence n. 栅栏，篱笆，围栏；障碍物 [c]
vt. （用栅栏/篱笆/围栏 ）围住，隔开
①sit on the fence 脚踩两只船；保持中立；采取骑墙态度 ②mend (one’s) fences with sb. 与某人冰释前嫌/重归旧好
③The grass is (always) greener on the other side (of the fence). 草是那边绿；这山望着那山高 ④fence in（用栅栏/篱笆/围栏 ）围住，关住；自由 ⑤fence off（用栅栏/篱笆/围栏 ）隔开 典题赏析：
1) Tom preferred to ____________________ while others fought it out.
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汤姆宁可抱骑墙态度，坐待其他人去斗争到底。
2) The two friends finally ____________________________ each other. 两位朋友终于冰释前嫌了。
3) She felt ____________________ by domestic routine. 她感到被日常家务束缚住了。
34. contest n. 比赛，竞赛；争夺，竞争 [c]
vt. 争取赢得；争辩，就……提出异议
a singing contest 歌咏比赛 a talent contest 新秀大奖赛 a beauty contest 选美比赛 ①enter/win/lose a contest 参加竞赛/赢得竞赛/竞赛失败 ②a contest for... 争夺/竞争……
③be no contest 完全不是对手，毫无竞争可言，轻易获胜 ▲contestant n. 比赛者；竞争者；选手 典题赏析：
1) I have won first prize in an oral English ________________（比赛）, which will make me more competitive in interpreting.
2) Three candidates ______________ the leadership. 有三位候选人角逐领导权。 3) The inheritor _________________the will. 继承人对遗嘱提出了质疑。 4) The election was so one-sided that it was really ____________________. 选举呈现一边倒的局面，实际上毫无竞争可言.
二、重点句型：
1. They could be interpreted as a welcoming greeting from a close friend, especially if accompanied by a gentle smile. When spoken by a stranger, they can function as a means of attracting your attention. 它们可以被理解为密友表示欢迎的问候，尤其是伴以温柔微笑的时候；当出自陌生人之口时，它们起着引起注意的作用。
分析：句中两处画线部分均是状语从句的省略结构。
在英语中，有些表示条件、时间、方式、让步或比较等的状语从句，如果谓语含有动词be，且主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it时，常把状语从句中的主语和谓语的一部分省略。
The medicine is very effective if (it is) taken on time. 如果按时服用的话，这药很有效。 Unless (it is) repaired, the machine is of no use. 这台机器如不修理便毫无用处。 When (you are) in trouble, you can visit this man. 当有麻烦时，可以找这个人。 The inspector looked around, as if (he was) in search of something. 这位稽查员四处张望，好像在寻找什么。
Taste the soup and add salt if (it is) necessary. 尝尝这汤，需要的话加点盐。 Though (it was) cold, he still wore a shirt. 天气虽然很冷，他还穿一件衬衫。 注：常见的状语从句的省略现象有： ①连接词+非谓语动词 (doing/done/to do)
You must be careful while (you are) crossing the road. 过马路时一定要小心。 When (she was) asked how old she was, the lady made no answer. He stood up as if (he were) to say something. 他站起来好像要说什么。 ②连接词+名词/形容词/介词短语
While (he was) a little boy, he was always ready to help others. 当他还是小男孩的时候，他总是乐于助人。
When (he was) young , he was fond of hunting. 他年轻时，喜欢打猎。
Once (you are) in danger, you can call the police. 一旦你遇到危险，你可以给打电话。 ③if型省略惯用语：
if necessary 如果有必要的话 if possible 如果有可能的话 if so 如果这样的话
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if not 如果不是
if any 如果有的话（表示“数量”意义）
if ever 如果有的话/发生过的话（表示“频率”意义） 典题赏析：
1) Amy, as well as her brothers, was given a warm welcome when _____________ (return) to the village last week.
2) Children, when ___________________ (accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium.【湖南卷】
3) Unless ________________ (invite), I won’t take part in the activity.
4) Though _____________ (surprise) to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome.【全国卷】 5) While _______________ (clean) my bedroom, I heard a scream coming from downstairs. 6) He has no money. __________________（如果有的话）, he will give us. 7) She seldom, __________________（如果有的话）, goes to the cinema.
2. It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly.
也正是通过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。
分析：这个句子使用了强调句型。其构成为：It is/was+被强调部分+that +其余的部分。
I saw her in the street yesterday. 昨天在大街上我看见她了。
① ② ③ ④
→It was I that saw her in the street yesterday. 昨天在大街上是我看见她了。 →It was her that I saw in the street yesterday. 昨天在大街上我看见的是她。 →It was in the street that I saw her yesterday. 昨天是在大街上我看见她了。 →It was yesterday that I saw her in the street. 是昨天我在大街上看见他了。 注：
1) 原句子是现在时或将来时，强调句用It is＋被强调的部分＋that (who)＋其余的部分；若原句子是过去时，强调句用：It was＋被强调的部分＋that (who)＋其余的部分。 Tom gets up the earliest in our class. →It is Tom that gets up the earliest in our class. 在我们班是汤姆起得最早。 Li Lei’s father will work in America. →It is in America that Li Lei’s father will work. 李蕾父亲将就在美国工作。 I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. →It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station. 是昨天我在火车站遇到李明。 2) 强调主语时，从句中的谓语动词应与被强调的部分一致。 I am your true friend. 我是你真正的朋友。
→It is I that am your true friend. 你真正的朋友是我。
3) 如果对not…until…时间状语进行强调时，这时not必须移至until前面去。 He didn’t come until 8 o’clock. 直到八点钟他才回来。
→It was not until 8 o’clock that he came. 是直到八点钟他才回来。 4) 若被强调的部分是人，后面的that也可换成who。
I saw her in the street yesterday. 昨天在大街上我看见她了。
→It was I that/who saw her in the street yesterday. 昨天在大街上是我看见她了。 →It was her that/who I saw in the street yesterday. 昨天在大街上我看见的是她。 5) 一般疑问式：Is/Was it+被强调部分+that+其余的部分？ 特殊疑问式：特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that+其余的部分？
Was it her that you saw in the street yesterday? 昨天在大街上你看见的是她吗？ Who was it that you saw in the street yesterday? 昨天在大街上你看见的是谁？ When was it that you saw her in the street? 是什么时候你在大街上看见她了？ 6) 判断句子是否是强调句的方法：去掉It is/was...that...的结构后，句子仍然是个完整的句子，那么就是强调句。 典题赏析：
1) It was for this reason ____________ he decided to choose the task and finish it on his own. 2) It was her friend _______________ Mary came across in the bookstore yesterday.
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3) ___________ was not until the train pulled into the station that he found his suitcase was gone. 4) 直到他开口说话我才认出他。___________________________________ I recognized him. 5) 我想知道你是什么时候开始意识到他的错误。
I wonder ______________________________________________________________.
3. ①The more international and globalized the world becomes, the more language characteristic will be shared between nations and cultures.
世界的国际化和全球化程度越高，国家与文化之间共享的语言特征就越多。 ②The longer you wait, the more difficult it will be. 你等得越长，它就会变得越困难。
分析：
①“the+比较级（+主语+谓语+其他），the+比较级（+主语+谓语+其他） ”表示“越……，越……”。
The sooner, the better. 越快越好。
The more noble, the more humble. [谚] 人越高尚，越谦虚。 The better I knew him, the more I liked him. 我越了解他，就越喜欢他。
The faster you run, the better it will be. 你跑得越快越好。
注：通常前一个“the+比较级……”相当于条件状语从句，后一个“the+比较级……”相当
于主句。该句型中，比较级如果修饰了名词，则要把这个名词和比较级一起放到最前面，后面跟句子的其余部分。
The harder you study, the greater progress you will make. 你学习越努力，你就会取得越大的进步。
②“比较级+比较级”或“more and more+多音节形容词/副词”表示“越来越……”。 The days are getting shorter and shorter in winter. 冬天，白天变得越来越短了。 Our country is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的国家变得越来越漂亮了。 The old man needed help more and more frequently. 那位老人越来越频繁地需要帮助。 典题赏析：
1) _________________ the war lasts, __________________ the people there will suffer. 战争持续的越久，那儿的人们受难就越多。
2) ________________ you study, ____________________ you will be for your future life. 你学得越多，你为将来的生活准备得就越好。
3) The little boy is getting _________________________________ sports. 那个小男孩对体育越来越感兴趣了。
4) Summer is coming, the days are getting ___________________________. 夏天来了，白天变得越来越长了。
参：
一、重点单词与短语：
1. to; with; against; on; reaction to 2. by mail; in the mail; mail, to 3. in/for; is competent to; is not competent to 4. obtain knowledge; obtained 5. suit, to; suits, to; suits; isn’t suited for/to (isn’t suitable for); to wear; to start; Suit yourself; fits, suit, matches 6. with, about/for; negotiation; to negotiate; under negotiation; in negotiation with; open to negotiation 7. folded, up; folded, in, in; in, around/over; above the fold; folded 8. about 9. put yourself in their shoes; in your shoes 10. felt
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sympathy for her; Out of sympathy for; in sympathy with; in sympathy with; out of sympathy with;with 11. 是……的原因；解释，说明；占；must you; on account of, taking, into account, accounted for 12. leaving; approval; disapproved; approve of you/your trying 13. can we gain others’ respect; gain useful experience; have gained a lot of weight; gain access to; to be gained; from/by 14. by gesture; as a gesture of; for/to; to; make some gestures 15. precisely; precisely; Precisely; more precisely; to be (more) precise 16. for; in preference to; give (a) preference to; living/to live; to stay/staying, go/going 17. a traffic jam; in a jam; jam tomorrow; jamming
18. somewhat; somehow; anyhow 19. about; at; to consult; to meet; embarrassing, embarrassed, embarrassment 20. intention; for; studying/to study; had intended; to argue; intended 21. to/with; to; with 22. behave yourself; bad behavior; behaved very badly; as if/though; towards; on; ourselves 23. being called; of; tolerance; tolerable 24. is fluent in/has fluency in, with fluency, fluently 25. with, in/on; to deliver; in cooperation with; cooperative 26. cited, as; was cited for; citation 27. broaden his mind/horizons; broadens out 28. taking; pulling; opposition; as opposed to 29. 拒绝接受；不录用；不用；不够关心；排斥，排异；rejection 30. about; optimistic 31. tendency; to make; to; to/towards 32. slipped over; slip away; to slip into; Slip off/Slip out of; slipped by; slip; slip 33. sit on the fence; mended (their) fences with; fenced in 34. contest; contested; contested; no contest 二、重点句型：
1. returning; accompanied; invited; surprised; cleaning; if any; if ever 2. that; that/who; It; It was not until he spoke that; when it was that you came to realize his mistake 3. The longer, the more; The more, the better prepared; more and more interested in; longer and longer
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