Interviewer: Can you tell me…how do you think you have changed as you have matured?What
things have had a major influence on you?
Speaker 1 : Well, let me think…I suppose going to university had a big impact on my life. It
made me much more open-minded. I met so many different types of people there with weird and wonderful ideas and it changed the way I see the world. I’m much more tolerant now… It made me a more rounded person.
Interviewer: Great, and had any particular person had a central role in forming your character? Speaker 1: I guess that’d have to be my grandfather. I was very close to him, and he taught me to
stand up for my beliefs. He was always telling me about this…
Interviewer: So what people or events have had an impact on your life?
Speaker 2: I think that traveling my gap year made me grow up and see both the beauty of the
world and, well…just the generosity of ordinary people. I traveled a lot around Asia and you know, I found that in some of the poorest countries, like Cambodia and Laos, people share whatever little they have, and they possess a real joy for life. It’s probably made me a less selfish person.
Interviewer: Interesting…so you would recommend that young people take a gap year to discover
themselves and the world?
Speaker 2: Definitely. It gives you an opportunity to learn about the world beyond the one you
grew up in and I found it really…
Interviewer: Could you tell me what things in your life have had the greatest influence in
forming your personality?
Speaker 3: Well…a couple of years ago I was on a reality TV show where a group of young
people all lived in a house together. Each week some one was voted off by the audience. I got down to the final three! I suppose being on the show and seeing how the other contestants behaved made me realize how selfish and spiteful some people can be just to get what they want. I also realized it’s best to just be yourself in life. If you pretend to be someone different people will eventually see through the lies.
Interviewer: Right…And how did you feel when you were eventually voted off?
Speaker 3: Relieved, to be honest with you. But you know, a slight regret that I didn’t win
because I kind of…
Interviewer: So you can tell me, what one thing do you think that has had the biggest impact on
your life?
Speaker 4: Hmm, that’s a difficult question. But I think helping victims of the tsunami in 2004
had a very great impact on me. I’m half Thai and I’d just arrived in Thailand for a family Christmas holiday. When I heard the news I knew I had to help-you couldn’t not. I ended up acting as an interpreter for a group of volunteer doctors. It was an incredibly difficult time but you know, even in the middle of such a horrific tragedy there is still a huge amount of genuine human kindness.
Interviewer: That’s amazing! And has it changed the way you view your future…
采访者 你能不能告诉我…你认为在你渐渐成熟的过程中产生了怎样的变化呢？什么事情
对你产生了主要的影响？
发言人1 嗯，让我想想… 我认为上大学对我的生活产生了重大的影响。大学生活让我的思
想更加开明。我在那遇到了太多不同类型的人，他们有着奇特而又令人称赞的想法。这让我改变了我看世界的方式。我现在宽容多了… 上大学让我成为了一个更加全面的人。
采访者 太棒了…那有没有一些特殊的人在你的性格塑造上产生主要影响呢？
受访者1 我觉得这个人应该是我的祖父。我和他非常亲近，是他教会了我要坚持自己的信
仰。他总是这么和我说…
采访者 那什么人或事对你的生活产生了重要的影响呢？
受访者2 我认为在我的空档年旅行让我逐渐成长，让我同时看见了世界的美丽和…单单是
普通人的慷慨。我去亚洲游玩了很多地方，你知道的，我发现在一些最贫困的国家，像柬埔寨和老挝，人们会分享他们所拥有的一切，无论多少。因此他们拥有对生活最真的快乐。这很可能让我成为一个不那么自私的人。
采访者：很有趣。所以你建议年轻人在大学前的那一年里去发现自己和整个世界么？ 受访者2:：当然了，它能够给你一个机会去了解你生活环境之外的世界，而且我觉得它很„„ 采访者：你介意告诉我，在你的生活中，什么事情对你的人格的形成起了最重要的影响么？ 受访者3：恩，几年前，我参加一个电视真人秀的时候，年轻人都住在同一个房子里。每一
个星期，都会有人根据观众的投票而离开。我坚持到了最后三名！我想通过参加这次活动，以及观察其他参赛者的行为，让我认识到了一个人为了达到他的目的，可以多么的自私与居心叵测。同时我也认识到了在生活中，最好做自己。如果你试图去做其他不同于自己的人，别人最终会看穿这个谎言。
采访者：那么，当你最后被投票要离开的时候，你是什么感觉？
受访者3：说实话，我感觉如释重负。但是你知道，还会有一点儿遗憾，我有些„„ 采访者：那么你可以告诉我，在你的生活中，什么事情对你起到了最大的影响么？
受访者4：恩，这是个很难回答的问题。但是我想在2004年的时候帮助海啸受难者给我了
巨大的影响。我有一半的泰国血统，那时我刚刚到达泰国去参加家庭的圣诞聚会。当我听到这个消息的时候，我知道我必须去帮助他们——你不可能什么都不做。我最终成为一名医生小组的口译员。那是一个十分艰难的时期，但是你知道，即使是在这样巨大的灾难之中，仍然会有很多人性的善良。
采访者：真的很震惊！那么它改变了你对未来的想法么？
Passage two
Tony: Talking to us today in our Life Choices series is Joan Robinson, an academic counselor at
Manchester University. She gives advice to school students on choosing the right subject to study at university. Joan, welcome to the show. Joan: Thanks Tony.
Tony: So Joan, what do our listeners need to think about when choosing a course? It’s a huge,
potentially life-changing decision, isn’t it?
Joan: Yes. I generally give students advice in two areas. Firstly, know yourself, and secondly,
think to the future.
Tony: When you say “know yourself” what do you mean?
Joan: Basically, I mean evaluate your own personal strengths and weaknesses, your personality
traits and the things you like.
Tony: I see…So how can our listeners do this?
Joan: Well, start by asking yourself questions to help reflect on your life so far. For example, what
subjects are you good at? Are you an organized and self-disciplined person? Are you confident and outgoing? Do you like working with others in a team or do you prefer working alone? These kinds of questions will help you discover more about yourself. Tony: Sounds like good advice. How about your second point regarding the future?
Joan: Well, your choice of major subject is likely to have a significant impact on your future
career so it’s important to look into this carefully. I recommend you check not only which academic subjects will help you get into a particular area of work, but also look carefully at what universities offer. Each university has its strengths so try to choose one that is the best in your chosen field. Find out what links the department has to related industries and leading companies in it.
Tony: Good point. Now I’d like to take some calls from our listeners. First up we have James on
the line. Hi, James! How can we help?
James: Hi. I’m interested in career in IT and I’d like to ask Joan whether she thinks it’s better to
go to a highly respected university, like Oxford, or to study somewhere that has more of a vocational focus?
Joan: Well, James, you know it really depends on what you expect to get out of a university and
how you see your future. Basically a handful of the brightest graduates are picked from the top universities around the world to join the leading IT companies. So I’d say if you’re a high-flyer then this is the route that might be for you. But if you are looking for a more mainstream career then you should consider a course that helps you acquire practical, transferable skills that you can use in the workplace…and look at which universities have the best levels of graduate recruitment for the kind of job you are aiming for. James: I see! Thanks a lot. That really helps me out…
Tony：今天我们生活选择栏目的嘉宾是曼彻斯特大学的学校顾问乔恩·罗宾逊。她将会给学
生们一些在大学里如何去选择正确的学科的建议。乔恩,欢迎来到我们的节目。 Joan: 谢谢，托尼。
Tony：那么乔恩，我们的听众在选择课程时需要考虑些什么？这是一个重大的，可能改变生
活的选择，对吗？
Joan：是的。我一般给学生们两个方面的建议。第一，要了解自己；第二，要对未来持有看
法。
Tony：你说的“了解自己”，具体是什么意思？
Joan：基本上，我的意思是要评价自己的优缺点、性格特征和兴趣。 Tony：明白。那么我们的听众要怎么做到这一点呢？
Joan：目前，要从自我反思开始。例如，你擅长哪一科？你是不是一个有条理的，能自律的
人？你是不是自信的，开朗的？你喜欢在一个团队中与别人合作还是孤军奋战？这些问题能帮助你更多地了解自己。
Tony：听起来就是个好建议。那你的第二个关于未来的建议呢？
Joan：你选择的主修课程很有可能对你以后的工作有重大的影响，所以，仔细地对专业进行
调查是很重要的。我要求的不仅仅是调查哪一个专业能让你找到好工作，而且要仔细地查阅一下学校提供的资源。每一所大学都有自己的特色，所以要试着选择在你选择范围内的最好的一所。并且要找到那一所大学与相关工厂和首席公司之间的关系。 Tony：好主意。现在我们进入到听众热线的环节。第一个连接上的听众是詹姆斯。詹姆斯你
好！我们有什么能帮助你的？
James：你好。我对IT行业很感兴趣，我想问一下乔恩，她认为进入一所受到尊重的学校，
例如牛津大学好，还是选择一所更加注重技术实践的学校好？
Joan：很好，詹姆斯，你知道这完全决定于你想要从大学里得到什么还有你对未来的看法。
基本上，大把的精英都是从世界顶尖高校中被挑选出来进入到领先世界的IT公司工作。我想说，如果你是一个有野心的人，这可能是一条属于你的路。但是，如果你正在寻找主流行业，那么你应该考虑一门能帮助你锻炼在工作中有用处的实践能力与可传递能力的课程，和比较一下在哪一间大学里，你的目标专业的就业率最高。 James：明白了！非常感谢，这些建议真的让我豁然开朗。
Listening in 2 Passage1
One of the strangest feelings I’ve ever had was when I returned by chance to a place where I’d been happy as a child. My husband and I were visiting some friends for the weekend-----they lived about 200 kilometers away. We were driving along when I suddenly saw a church in the distance that I recognized. My favorite aunt had lived very near it on a farm that my brother and I used to visit once a year with our parents.
We were city kids, brought up in the middle of London, and this was a working farm-----the real thing-----with cows in cowsheds, fields with ponds and a muddy yard full of smelly pigs-----we had the run of the whole place-----it was just paradise for us.
And then-----there was the food-----home-made jam and bread and cakes, milk fresh from the cow. And my aunt Lottie-----a farmer’s wife-----and her husband, uncle George and their kids, Katie and Ben, our two cousins who my brother and I really got on with. It was heaven that week we used to spend there. They moved from the farm when I was… how old? ----- about 14. So I’d never been back or seen it again.
Anyway, there we were, and I’d just seen the church-----, so we turned off and drove down this really narrow lane. And before I knew it we were in front of Aunt Lottie’s farm. The extraordinary thing was that it hadn’t changed------ not one tiny bit.
It was a lovely old place with a typical country cottage garden, full of flowers. There were lots of barns and sheds-----they were next to-----next to the farm. And you know, I can’t even begin to describe the feeling I had standing there. It was-----oh, what was it? an incredibly powerful feeling of longing-----nostalgia for the past-----for times I’d been very very happy. But it was the past. I hadn’t been there for 20 years and I couldn’t go back, so also I had a feeling of huge sadness, that I couldn’t have those times again. And-----at the same time-----great sweetness, because those times had been so happy, so innocent-----because I was a child. So there was this extraordinary mix-----of longing, sadness and sweetness, all at the same time. It was the strangest feeling I’ve ever had. 译文：
我曾经有过的最奇怪感觉就是当我偶然间来到我童年时十分快乐的地方。当时我和丈夫在周末去看望朋友们，他们都住在200公里外的地方。就在我们沿路开车的时候，我突然看见了在远处有个熟悉的教堂，我最爱的婶婶曾经住在附近的农场，爸妈每年都带我和哥哥去那里。
我们我无法再拥有曾经的那段时光。但同时，我心中又如此甜蜜，只因那时的我是那样开在伦敦市中心长大，是城里的孩子，而这个农场又是一个真正的劳作的农场，那里有住着
奶牛的牛舍，带池塘的耕地，满是臭猪的泥院子。我们在整个农场里疯跑，那里就像是我们的天堂。
然后，就是吃的，有自制的果酱、面包、蛋糕和刚挤出的新鲜的牛奶。我的婶婶Lottie和她的丈夫，也就是我的叔叔，以及他们的孩子-----我们的两个侄子Katie和Ben，我和哥哥跟他们都相处很好。那里是我们曾经渡过每一天的天堂。但是，他们从农场搬走了，当我，呃，多大的时候？呃….大概是14岁的时候吧。所以我再也没回去过或是看见过。
无论怎样，我们来了，我又看见了那个教堂，于是我们转弯开进这条很窄的小道。但我们不知道的是我们到了Lottie的农场前面，更加奇妙的是它没有变，一点儿也没有。
那是一个可爱的有着满是鲜花的旧式传统乡村别墅花园。很多很多的仓库和小屋，一个一个的在农场附近。你要知道，我甚至不知如何描述我站在那里的心情。那种心情，哦，是什么心情？一种难以置信的强烈的留恋-----对过去的留恋------对曾经美好时光的留恋。然而，那已成为过往，我已经离开那里20年了，我之后也从没回去过，所以我仍有一种很强的失落感，因为心，那样天真，只因我那时是个孩子。所以我心中同时拥有了一种及其奇妙的情感的混合，留恋，失落，甜蜜。那是我所拥有的最奇怪的感觉了。
Passage2 Script
Interviewer: So what's your first memory of school, Kevin?
Kevin: I was really looking forward to school, I remember that, I just couldn't wait. Yeah,
Johnny, my brother, was a year older than me and he seemed so grown-up, with his red blazer and smart shoes. And I wanted to go to school and be grown-up too. I don't remember much of the first day actually, apart from this little boy lying on the floor and screaming and screaming and me thinking what a baby he was. Interviewer: Right! What about you, Eva?
Eva: I just have this one memory of this coat rack with all our coats. And I was looking for my
peg which had a little picture of an elephant next to it. I remember I was crying because I wanted to go home and I couldn't get my coat on. I was crying so much and then the teacher came and helped me.
Interviewer: OK, so what about your first best friend at school?
Kevin: Oh, yeah, well, Steve, I remember him, because he's still my best friend! Interviewer: Still your best friend! Eva: That's so great!
Kevin: Yeah, we didn't know each other before we started school but we became really good
friends and so did our mums. Our families ended up going on holiday together and that kind of thing. But we used to fight a lot, Steve and I, and the teachers used to get very cross with us. But we were just having fun. Interviewer: Cool! And what about you, Eva?
Eva: My best friend was a girl called Robina. She had short blond hair, I remember I thought she
looks like an angel. We sat next to each other and held hands and played fairies in the playground. She left in Year 3 and I cried for days.
Interviewer: Oh, how sad! So what about the day you left school? How was that?
Eva: I had a lot of mixed feelings, I remember walking home with this amazing feeling of freedom,
you know, no more rules, no more bossy teachers. But I also felt pretty sad, because I'd had some good times. I was in a group of girls who were so supportive of each other.
Kevin: I couldn't wait to leave, I was counting the days.I just wanted to get a job, get a life, earn
some cash. The day I left, I went out to celebrate with a couple of my mates and--had a very good time! 翻译
采访人：那么你对学校的第一印象是什么呢，凯文？
凯文：我真的很期待去学校，我记得当时我都等不及了。是的，我哥哥强尼只比我大一岁，
但他穿上他的红色夹克衫和时髦的鞋子，看上去那么成熟。于是我也想去学校，然后变得成熟起来。事实上我对开学第一天的印象不是很深，只记得有个小男孩躺在地板上不停地哭闹，我觉得他真像个小宝宝。 采访人：是呀！那你呢，伊娃？
伊娃：我只对那个挂满我们外套的外衣架有记忆。那时我一直在找我的桩，它的旁边有一张
大象的小图片。我记得当时我因为想回家却穿不上外套而哭的很厉害，以至于后来引来了老师帮我。
采访人：好吧，那你们上学后第一个好朋友怎么样了？
凯文：嗯，史蒂夫，我记得他，因为他到现在还是我最好的朋友！
采访人；还是你最好的朋友！ 伊娃：那太好了！
凯文：是呀！我们在开学前并不认识，但无论我们俩还是我们的妈妈都成了好朋友。我们两
家常常一起度假什么的。但以前史蒂夫和我两个人经常打架，老师也经常对我们发脾气。但我们还是觉得很开心。 采访人：真酷！你呢，伊娃？
伊娃：我最好的朋友是一个叫罗比娜的女孩。她有一头金黄色短发。我记得当时我觉得她看
上去像一个天使。我们坐在一起，一起举手回答老师的问题，一起在操场上玩耍。可是她在3年级的时候离开了，我为此哭了很多天。
采访人：噢，太令人伤心了！那么你们离开学校那天怎么样？是什么情况？
伊娃：我当时百感交集。我记得我走在回家路上时有一种惊人的自由感。你知道的，再也没
有规矩，再也没有专横的老师们。但我还是非常难过，因为我也有过非常开心的时刻，我在一个互相支援的女孩群体之内。 凯文：那时候我等不及的要离开，甚至在数日子。我只想找到一份工作，好好生活，赚点钱。
在我离开学校的那天，我和我的一群伙伴到外面去庆祝，并且玩得很开心！ Listening in 3 conversation 1
Lily: So what was the highlight of your trip to (South)Korea? Hugh: Well that's…let me see...it's got to be going to see Nanta. Lily： What on earth is Nanta?
Hugh：It's this amazing live show-part theater-part dance-part music. Lily: Sounds really interesting. But why’s it so brilliant?
Hugh: I think it's the energy of the performers. Also it has a unique concept. It's a mixture of
traditional Korean music, percussion and drums, into a western style performance Lily: I've never heard of it. Has it ever been performed in the West?
Hugh: Yeah, it's been a sell-out. They've toured in over 30 countries since the show began in
1997.It's a non-verbal performance so there are no language barriers. That's what's made it an international success.
Lily: What else makes it so special then?
Hugh: Well...the other thing is that all the action takes place in the kitchen. You see these four
chefs preparing the food for a wedding reception. The performers use knives, dustbin lids and various other kitchen utensils to create a hypnotic soundtrack. The food literally flies everywhere! It's hilarious.
Lily: That sounds quite funny I must admit. Is there an actual story though?
Hugh: Oh yes, there is a story. The four chefs have to prepare the meal by 6 o'clock and they also
have to give the manager's nephew cooking lessons too, which adds to the fun. There’s loads of audience participation and despite there being no language involved you get completely engrossed. It's really quite wacky!
Lily: And what about the audience? I suppose they start throwing food around…?
Hugh: Not quite! But they are totally involved in what's going on-everyone loves it. It's a really
great family show. In fact it's one of the best shows I've ever seen. Jim, my friend, says he takes all his visitors. He's seen it about eight times and still loves it. Lily: I bet it's popular with tourists then.
Hugh: Well apparently over a million foreign tourists in (South)Korea have seen the show and it's
had a run on Broadway too. It first got popular after they appeared at the Edinburgh Festival. Now they are planning to tour more cities in Asia where (South) Korean popular culture is becoming incredibly trendy. Lily： By the way what does“Nanta” mean?
Hugh：It means random drumming in Korean. The English name for the show is Cookin’, which
gives you a clearer idea of what it's all about.
Lily： You've got me interested now. I'll have to check it out on the internet. 丽莉：这次你的韩国之行有什么让你难忘的事情么？ 休： 额。。。让我想想。。。应该是去看Nanta这件事吧。 丽莉：到底什么是Nanta?
休： 他是个很精彩的舞台剧，应该说是戏剧，舞蹈以及音乐的大综合吧。 丽莉：那听起来挺有意思啊。不过它为什么那么精彩？
休： 我想应该是因为演员们的活力吧。还有就是这个舞台剧本身包含一个很独特的概念。
它是一种将传统朝鲜音乐，打击乐器和鼓融合进西方风格的表演 丽莉：我从来没有听说过她，这个节目在西方国家上映过么？
休： 当然，而且场场爆满。自1997年这个节目正式开始表演以来，Nanta的表演团队已
经游遍了三十多个国家。Nanta是一个非语言类的表演，因此演员与观众之间不存在语言交流的障碍，而这恰恰就是让它在全球范围内取得成功的原因。 丽莉：它还有什么让它变得如此特别的亮点？ 休： 额。。。说道其他的特点的话，应该就是表演中所有的事情都发生在厨房。你会看到4
个主厨在厨房中为准备婚宴餐点而忙碌。演员们用刀具，垃圾箱的盖子以及其他各式各样的厨具来制造出令人着迷的音效。舞台上的各种食物简直就是在飞来飞去，这很有意思的。
丽莉：我承认，这听起来很有趣。但是表演内容中有没有一个完整的故事？ 休： 有啊，那四个主厨必须在6点之前准备好婚宴晚餐，同时又要给经理的侄子上烹饪课，
这些元素都使整部节目充满笑点。节目中还包含大量观众参与互动的环节，尽管节目与语言毫不相关，但每个人都全神贯注于其中。这真的有点古怪，不是么？ 丽莉：来谈一谈观众们的反应吧，我猜他们一定开始四处仍食物了吧？
休： 并非完全如此。但他们确实全都沉浸在整部节目中，毕竟每个观众都喜爱它。这是一
部非常适合家庭成员一起观看的表演。说实话，他是我所看过的节目中最好的节目之一。我的一个朋友Jim说，他会带他所有的客户来看这节目。他已经看过约8次了，却仍不厌烦。
丽莉：我打赌它肯定很受旅客们的喜爱 休： 恩。。。显然，成百上千到韩国旅游的游客都看过这部节目，而且nanta也在百老汇上
演过。当初，Nanta在爱丁堡的庆典上开始受到世人的瞩目。而现在，Nanta节目组正准备在更多的亚洲城市进行巡演，韩国的流行文化显然在这些地方十分地受欢迎。 丽莉：顺便问一下，Nanta是什么意思？
休： 在韩国，它是胡乱击鼓的意思。他的英文名是Cookin’s,英文名可以让你更好地理解
这个节目的主题。
丽莉：好吧，你的话激起了我对他的兴趣。我要上网查一查它了
Listening in Conversation 2
Interviewer: Kathy Richards is a specialist art tour guide. Kathy-can you tell us what trends you've
noticed in recent years?
Kathy: Well, one of the biggest phenomena I've noticed is a huge increase in visitors to
galleries-and a growing interest in modern art in general.
Interviewer: What do you think the reason is for that?
Kathy: Well, there are several reasons, I think. The most important ones are firstly, that some
new contemporary art galleries have opened which have had a lot of publicity, and secondly the younger generation feel more comfortable with modern art so the kind of people visiting galleries is changing. Finally, the new generation of galleries have become destinations in themselves...they tend to be housed in amazing buildings.
Interviewer: So which are the most popular new galleries?
Kathy: Well, the Tate Modern in London has had over 30 million visitors since it opened in
2000.The annual average is now over 4.5 million. The Museum of Modern Art, or MoMA in New York is an older gallery, it was founded in 1929 but has been recently renovated and expanded. This work was finished in 2006 and it had over 2.5 million visitors in the first year after reopening. Another very successful new gallery is the Guggenheim in Bilbao in Spain. It opened in 1997 and now gets about a million visitors a year.
Interviewer: Those are pretty impressive figures. Maybe the fact that the Tate Modern is free to
visit might have something to do with it?
Kathy: It's true that entrance to the permanent collection is free but the numbers of people
visiting the temporary exhibition are also high-and the entrance fee is usually about ten pounds.
Interviewer: Do you have to pay to get into the other galleries you mentioned?
Kathy: Oh yes. You do. Admission to MoMA is 20 US dollars and the Guggenheim in
Bilbao costs eight euros.
Interviewer: Do people mind paying, do you think?
Kathy: No, I don't think they do mind. Most people feel the fees are reasonable considering
the outstanding collections of priceless works of art that they get to see.
Interviewer: You mentioned that the buildings that art galleries are in can be an attraction
themselves these days...
Kathy: Well, yes, the Guggenheim has literally revitalized the whole city and put Bilbao on
the tourist map. It's got a futuristic, curvy metallic structure and people love it. The Tate Modern has helped redevelop an old industrial area beside the River Thames. The gallery itself is actually inside a huge , old, brick power station. And MoMA is interesting as it's in downtown New York.
Interviewer: And who visits these galleries? What's the profile of the average art lover?
Kathy: Well, in the past museums and galleries were seen as appealing to the older generation.
But in fact, 48 percent of visitors to the Tate Modern are under 35...
采访者：凯西·理查是专业的艺术导游。凯西，你能告诉我们你所注意到的这方面近几年来的趋势吗？
凯西： 好的，我所观察到的最重要的现象之一是：到美术馆参观的人数剧增，公众对现代
艺术的兴趣更浓厚了。
采访者：你认为产生这种现象的原因是什么呢？
凯西： 我认为，有以下几点原因。最重要的是，首先，一些当代开放的新型美术馆宣传有
力；其次，参观人员逐渐年轻化——新一代更能接受现代艺术；最后，新的美术馆本身也成为了参观者的目的地之一，因为画作大都被陈列于令人惊叹的建筑物中。
采访者：那么，哪些新型美术馆是最受欢迎的呢？
凯西： 伦敦的泰特现代美术馆自从2000年开放以来已经拥有超过3000万的访客总数，而
它现在每年的平均参观人数超过450万。纽约的现代艺术博物馆，或者我们叫它MoMA，是一所历史悠久的美术馆。它于1929年建立，但是最近进行了修葺和扩建。其整修于2006年完工。自它重新对公众开放后，第一年就有超过250万的参观者。还有一所非常成功的新型美术馆，它就是坐落在西班牙毕尔巴鄂市的古根海姆博物馆。它于1997年建成，并拥有每年100万的游客量。
采访者：真是些令人咋舌的数字。泰特现代美术馆所拥有的惊人访客量与它的免费开放有什
么关联吗？
凯西： 去参观长期的馆藏画作的确是免费的，但是参观临时展品的游客依然众多，虽然票
价通常在10英镑左右。
采访者：那么，人们去刚才你所提到的另两所美术馆需要门票吗？
凯西： 噢，是的，当然需要。MoMA需要20美元，而古根海姆博物馆需要8欧元。 采访者：你认为参观者们在乎这样高昂的票价吗？
凯西： 不，我不认为他们介意。大多数人们认为，考虑到那些他们即将看到的优秀而无价
的收藏品与艺术品，这样的价格是合理的。
采访者：你刚才的话中提到，那些保存有杰出画作的建筑，在现在同样具有吸引力。
凯西： 是的，像古根海姆博物馆，它在毕尔巴鄂的出现简直赋予整座城市以新的活力，并
且令这座城市出现在了旅游地图上。人们喜欢它那充满未来主义气息的曲线型金属结构。泰特美术馆则帮助泰晤士河畔的老工业区重获生机，其本身，便是由一个有一定历史的大型砖石结构发电厂改建而成。至于MoMA则很有趣，因为它坐落于纽约的市中心。
采访者：那么来美术馆参观的一般是些什么人呢？这些艺术爱好者们大致上的分布情况又是
怎样呢？
凯西： 在过去，博物馆和美术馆被认为是老一代的“专利”，但事实上，泰特美术馆48%
的参观者年龄都在35岁以下……
Listening in 4 Passage1
Traditional jobs like the chimney sweeps and coal miners from our history lessons don't really exist anymore. During the 20th century the number of people working in agriculture and manufacturing decreased significantly. In contrast, the number of people doing office-based jobs has more than doubled from 18 percent of the working population in 1901, to over 40 percent by the end of the 20th century. Modern society has changed the way we work but these changes are not always positive. They can also create problems we may not be aware of.
What does the modern office mean for the nation's health, for example? Well，firstly, office jobs are sedentary. We're sitting at our desks all day working on computers. And this means we're not exercising our bodies in the way people used to when they did more traditional jobs. It's not surprising then that we're all putting on weight .In fact, a fifth of adults over 16 were classified as over weight in 2001.
But there are other less obvious dangers connected with office work. Repetitive strain injury, or RSI, another disorders like muscle strain, neck and backache are a growing problem. It's estimated that in 2002, over a million people suffered from these kinds of health problems. As a result, 123 million working days were lost. The cause is simple: long periods spent sitting at the computer typing and using a mouse.
Many companies now employ ergonomic experts to ensure staff are sitting correctly at their computers and take frequent breaks from typing to try and prevent injury. Another problem of the modern office is the building itself. People tend to feel tired and irritable after a day stuck inside a modern office and often get colds and flu. This phenomenon is known as “sick building syndrome\" and it's caused by several factors. First of all, in many offices there is a lack of natural air and light. Secondly, within the enclosed space of an office environment, there is a high concentration of electronic devices. And as well as this, air-conditioning systems in large buildings recirculate the air around the office, carrying germs from workstation to workstation. Research suggests sick buildings syndrome can be found in roughly 30 percent of new or refurbished buildings.
But there is some good news for office workers. A lot of companies are making efforts to improve office workplaces. They're installing better lighting and ventilation. They're increasing the number of plants. And they're encouraging employees to take regular breaks from their computers. So if anyone listening is in an office, take this simple advice: get up, have a stretch, open a window-if you can-and think of ways you can stay healthy in this most unnatural environment.
类似打扫烟囱和挖掘煤矿这类出现在我们历史课本上的传统工作将不会继续存在下去。20世纪，从事农业和工业劳动的人数急剧减少。与之相反的是，在办公室里办公的人员人数从1901年仅占劳动力总数的18%增长到20世纪末的40%，翻了一倍。现代化的社会改变了我们的工作方式，但这些改变并不总是积极的。它们也可能产生一些我们意料之外的问题。
例如，现代化的办公对于国民的健康意味着什么呢？首先，办公室的工作往往缺少身体活动。我们常常坐在电脑前工作一整天。这就意味着我们没能像过去从事传统劳动人们那样在工作中锻炼我们的身体。这样一来我们体重增加就没什么值得吃惊的了。事实上，在2001
年16岁以上的成年人中有五分之一属于超重人群。
另外，还有一些由办公室工作带来的并不太明显的危险。例如重复性的肌肉拉伤和紧张劳损，还有一些其他的身体混乱症状例如肌肉拉伤，颈部以及背部的疼痛问题越来越多。据预计，在2002年，超过100万人将会遭受上述的健康问题，这将导致1230万个工作日的损失。造成这种现象的原因很简单：长期坐在电脑前打字和使用鼠标。
现在许多公司雇佣人类工程学专家来确保员工在电脑前坐姿正确并且在操作电脑中足够频繁地得到休息，以此避免长时间工作带来的伤痛。
在现代办公室中存在的另一个问题是办公室这个建筑物本身。人们常常在现代办公室里呆上一整天后感觉到疲劳和急躁，并且常常患感冒和流感。这个现象被称为“室内空气综合症”，它是由多种因素引发的。首先，在许多办公室中缺少自然的空气和阳光。其次，在办公室的封闭环境中聚集着大量电子设备。另外，在大型建筑中的空调系统使办公室中的空气不断循环，将病菌从一个工作区带到另一个工作区。研究指出，在大概30%的新建或翻新的办公室中存在室内空气综合症患者。
但这里也有一些关于办公室共工作人员的好消息。许多公司都在努力提升室内工作环境。他们正在提供更好的的照明和通风系统，增加室内植物的数量，并且鼓励员工在使用电脑的过程中有规律地休息。如果有人正在办公室里收听该文的话，请听从下述简单建议：站起来，伸展一下四肢，打开窗户（如果你做得到的话），然后想想你该怎么样在一个很不自然的环境下保持健康。
Passage 2
Karen: Jim, you’ve been a farmer for a long time. Can you explain how farming methods have
changed?
Jim: Well, in the past, most agriculture was small-scale and labour-intensive, and on the whole
worked in harmony with nature. But in the last 50 years, things have changed dramatically, particularly in the industrialized world. Now 41 percent of the world’s farmland is managed intensively.
Karen: And what does this mean in practice?
Jim: You see, nowadays, most farms have high productivity which，in one sense, is a good thing.
However, it can mean that vast areas are the farmed with the same crop. Hedgerows are removed and chemical pesticides and fertilizers used. This has a negative effect on the ecosystem and destroys other forms of natural vegetation and local wildlife. Karen: So do you think we are interfering too much with nature?
Jim: Obviously farmers these days need to produce enough food at a reasonable price. But I
think the problem is that modern agriculture encourages the use of a unlimited numbers of species of each crop. Some traditional varieties of apples or grains, for example, are becoming extinct. The new varieties of seed they sell need pesticides and fertilizers and aren’t as resilient to pests as many tradition varieties. And they don’t always produce higher yields for farmers. Karen: And how about wild life?
Jim: Well, modern agriculture sometimes kills off wildlife which it also needs for its own
survival. In order to bear fruit, 75 percent of flowering plants need to be pollinated. This is traditionally done by bees, butterflies and birds whose populations are actually declining Honey bees are essential for more than 90 commercially grown crops. Farmers in California, for example, now have to release millions of bees to pollinate their almond
trees.
Karen: So what in your opinion is the answer?
Jim: Going back to more traditional ways of farming. Small-scales farms are producing a variety
of crops and working with nature. Farmers can leave some land uncultivated to create “wildlife corridors”. This will provide a habitat for a variety of traditional plants as well as for the bees and insects needed to pollinate them. Another solution is planting indigenous， or local species. For example, in Africa researchers are encouraging farmers to plant a local wild species of mango that actually produces fruit in four years. Most cultivated varieties take 12 years. People are also starting seed banks to conserve local varieties of plants for the future.
Karen: And is there anything ordinary people can do to help?
Jim: Well, there are several practical things we can all do that will help, for example… 凯伦：吉姆，你当农民已经很久了。你能解释一下耕作方式是如何改变的吗？
吉姆：嗯，在过去，大多数农业是小规模的和劳动集约化的，且从世界范围看是于自然和谐
共处的。但在过去的五十年间，事情已经发生了巨大变化，特别是在工业世界中。现在世界上的百分之四十一的耕地是集中管理的。 凯伦：那么这在实际耕作中代表着什么呢？
吉姆：你看，现在大部分农场有较高的生产力，在某种意义上是一件好事。然而，这也意味
着在大片土地上种植着同种作物。不使用篱笆却使用化学杀虫剂和化肥。这对生态系统造成了负面的影响，破坏了自然植被和当地的野生动物。 凯伦：那你觉得我们是不是对自然的干扰过多了？
吉姆：显然，目前农民需要生产足够的食物并在合理的价格内出售。但我认为问题是，现代
农业鼓励对各种作物品种的无限量使用。一些传统的粮食品种，例如苹果或谷物，正处于灭绝的过程中。他们出售的新品种的种子需要杀虫剂和化肥，抗虫性不如传统品种强，并且它们通常不是高产作物。 凯伦：那么野生动物的情况又是怎样的？
吉姆：嗯，现代农业有时杀死那些和自身发展有关的野生动物。为了结果，百分之七十五的
开花植物需要授粉。这通常都是通过蜜蜂，蝴蝶和鸟类来完成的，但是实际上它们的数量正在减少中。蜜蜂对超过九十种经济作物都是至关重要的。例如在加利福尼亚州的农民，现在不得不放养上万只的蜜蜂来保证他们杏树的收成。 凯伦：那么您认为答案是什么？
吉姆：回到更传统的农耕方式。小规模的农场能生产出多种作物并促成与自然的和谐共处。
农民可以少开垦一些土地，为野生生物提供住所。这将为传统植物以及需要用来授粉的蜜蜂和昆虫提供栖息地。另一种解决方法是种植具有代表性的或是本地的物种。例如，在非洲，研究人员鼓励农民种植当地的一种野生芒果，这种芒果实际需要四年来结果。而现在大多数种的芒果需要经过十二年结果。人们也开始使用种子银行来为未来保存自己本地的植物。 凯伦：那么普通人可以做些什么呢？
吉姆：嗯，有许多我们可以帮得上的，例如„„ 5 Listening in 1
Today we’ll focus on two aspects of group behaviour.Firstly,how groups develop,and secondly,the roles individuals play within a group.It’s widely acknowledged that the performance of effective groups is often greater than the sum of the individuals in the group.This is due to what we call synergy-in other words,the extra energy and effevtiveness that people create when they work
together.
Early research in this field carried out in the 1930s by Elton Mayo discovered something that he called the “Hawthorne effect”.The idea is that when individual know they are part of a study,their productivity automatically increases regardless of other factors,such as how much time or money they are given,for example.The research suggests that things like personal identity,self-esteem and the social context in which a group is working are really very important factors in improving the performance of individuals.
If we move on to look at the nature of groups more closely,we find that groups have natural phasese that can help us understand their effectiveness.You have probably all had experience of working with other people in a group that,at firsl,wasn,t very productive.This phenomenon was studied by Tuckman in the 1960s,and he created a model to describe the stages of a group.
The first stage is known as”Forming”which is when individual members get to know each other.This is followed by”Storming”when individual start to share their ideas and creative energy.The third phase is”Norming”where a group identity begins to form.The final stage is”Performing”when individuals within the group work together.And it is at this stage that the group achieves results.Understanding these phases can help us ensure that members of a group work together to overcome early loner.
The”Resource investigator”is the group member who is always curious and explores new ideas and the”Monitorevaluator”is calm and serous and makes good,balanced decisions.
The”Team worker”in contrast is a socially orientated and sensitive member of the team who is able to encourage a team spirit.And the”Comleter-finisher”is a conscientious perfectionist who follows through on the details and ties up and loose ends.To be effective,a team needs to have a variety of members who can fulfill all these different roles.
今天，我们将关注团队合作的两个方面。首先，团队是怎样发展形成的，再者，是每个个体在团队中扮演的角色。人们普遍承认，有效率的团队合作通常比组内个人工作成果的总和要好得多。这是由于一种被我们称为协作的东西——即是当他们一起工作时产生的额外的能量和效率。
Elton Mayo在20世纪30年代在这个领域进行过早期的研究，他曾经发现了霍索恩效应。这个观点是指当个体知道他们是研究小组的一部分时，他们的生产率不受比如他们被给定的时间或金钱其他因素影响，自动地提高了。这个调查表明着比如个性特征，自尊和一个团队所工作的社会环境是提高个人工作表现非常重要的因素。 如果我们继续进一步地去看团队的本质，我们会发现团队其自身的阶段来帮我们了解它们的效率。大家或许都有过在一个团队里和其他人一起工作的经验，刚开始，不是很高效的。Tuckman曾在20世纪60年代研究过这个现象，他创造了一个模型来描述一个团队的不同阶段。
第一个阶段被称为“组建期”。这个时期中，单个的成员开始互相认识。紧随其后的第二个阶段是“激荡期”，个体开始分享他们的想法和创造力。第三个阶段是“规范期”，一个团队的特性开始形成。最后一个阶段是“执行期”，团队内的个体开始一起工作。团队正是在这个阶段取得成果。明白这些阶段能帮助我们确保团队的成员一起工作，防止出现早期的独行者。
外交家是团队内总是有好奇心并且探索新设想的人，监督员冷静严肃，是能做出较为平衡的决策的人。相形之下，凝聚者是一个能鼓动士气，目标明确且敏感的团队成员。完成者是一个尽责的完美主义者，关注细节，整合资源，完善成果。想要成为一个有效率的团队，需要有各种各样能胜任所有这些不同角色的成员。
Listening in 2
Today I'm reporting from Phuket in Southern Thailand.Parts of the island were devastated by the tsunami in 2004,and over 250 people lost their lives here. I've come back to see how one community has recovered.
Here in the village of The Chat Chai,the rebuilding of the destroyed homes has been led by the international organazition Habitat for Humanity.About a year after the tsunami occurred,volunteers began building 36 new homes for local families.
One villager,Somwang,is certainly very happy with the results.He used to live in a small hut on his two square metre plot of land near the sea.The local community wanted him to have a bigger home and despite the small size of his plot of land,they built him a three-storey house,which is now the tallest in the village. A happy ending to such a horrific tragedy.
The rebuilding here has also had a positive effect on the local economy,because the earth bricks that were used to build the homes were produced in Khao Lak,another tsunami hit island——all part of a post-tsunami livelihood development project.
Talking to people here,I've discovered that the project not only provided them with much needed shelter,but also the process has helped rebuild a spirit of community amongst them.A host of foreign as well as local volunteers joined together to work in rebuilding the villagers' homes and lives,and even an American TV celebrity volunteered.
The project has also been visited by former US president Jimmy Carter,who is an active supporter of Habitat for Humanity.He and his wife offer one week of their time every year to volunteer on construction projects around the world.
It's certainly encouraging to see the strength of the human spirit and generosity of people who help others in times of need.
Habitat for Humanity is continuing their work in the south of Thailand,helping poor local families and communities to improve their lives.Their \"Save&Bulid\" scheme encourages families to save 30 per cent of the cost of building or rebuilding their home.The charity then lends the family the rest of the money they need,and helps in the building of their new home.It's then paid for in monthly repayments of under ＄30,which supports those who want to build a better life for themselves.This is Marianne Harper reporting from Southern Thailand...
我在泰国南部的普及岛为大家做出今天的报道。在2004年，该岛的部分遭受了海啸的严重破坏，有250多人罹难。让我们再回到这里，见证一个社区的重建。
这里是Chat Chai村庄，在“仁爱之家”国际组织的带领下，人们重建了家园。在海啸袭击的一年之后，志愿者们开始为当地居民兴建36所新房子。
一个叫Somwang的村民，对目前的生活非常地满意。过去，他住在海边的一个两平方米的小陋屋。当地的社区想让他有一个更大的家，尽管他所拥有的土地面积很小，他们还是为他建了一座三层的房子，现在这幢房子成为了全村最高的建筑。最终，一个可怕的灾难迎来了一个完美的结局。
重建对当地的经济也有积极的影响，因为用来修建房子的土砖产自另一个被海啸袭击过的小岛寇立——以上所述都是海啸后恢复生计发展计划的一部分。
在和当地人交谈中，我发现开发项目不仅为灾民们提供了必要的避难所，而且重建的过程也让他们重拾了团体精神。很多外国人和当地的志愿者们一起工作着，为重建村民的家园而努力。甚至一个美国电视名人也参与了志愿行动，
美国前总统吉米卡特也参观了开发项目，他是支持“仁爱之家”的积极分子。每年卡特夫妇都会花一周的时间在世界各地参与建设项目的志愿者服务工作。
令人深受鼓舞的是看到人类精神的力量和那些在他人需要帮助的时刻伸出援助之手的人们的慷慨无私。
“仁爱之家”继续着他们在泰国南部的工作，帮助当地贫穷的家庭和社区改善他们的生活。“储蓄和建设”计划鼓励灾灾民们储蓄下修建或重修房屋的支出的百分之三十。然后慈善组织将会借给他们需要的款项，并且帮助他们重建家园。每月的还款不到３０美元，这将有利于人们追求更好的生活。这是玛丽哈珀从泰国南部发回的报导„
Listening in 6 Passage1
A US Airways jet landed in the icy Hudson River in New York this afternoon after apparently hitting a flock of geese.Miraculously,no one was killed and there were few injuries.James Moore,our correspondent at the scene,has more.
An Airbus 330 took off from La Guardia Airport.New York,at 3:26pm this afternoon,bound for Charlotte Airport in North Carolina.It had 155 people aboard.Thirty to 45 seconds after take-off,a flock of geese apparently flew into the plane,causing it to lose power in both engines and one engine to catch fire.Without power the plane was unable to return to La Guardia Airport and the pilot decided to land in the Hudson River in order to avoid crashing in a populated area. Two minutes later the plane made a successful landing in the Hudson and passengers were able to climb out through the emergency exits.
The plane immediately started taking in water but fortunately water taxis and boats that had seen the crash were waiting by the aircraft. Passengers and crew stood on the wings of the plane in the icy cold water and were helped into the boats.Over the next hour,as New York watched the event on television,everyone on the plane,including a baby,were taken to hospitals for treatment,mostly because of the extreme cold,Their injuries are not reported to be serious.One of the passengers,Alberto Panero,said people had bugun praying as the plane approached the river but that everyone had stayed clam.
The pilot of the plane has been named as Chesley Sullenberger.Aged 57,he has 29 years experience of flying and at one time had been a US fighter pilot.Sullenberger was the last to leave the plane and walked up and down it twice to make sure it was empty before climbing out.He has already been described as a hero.The Governer of New York,David patersm,said at a news conference this afternoon,“I believe now we've had a miracle on the Hudson.This pilot,somehow without any engines,was somehaw able to land this plane and perhaps without any injuris to the passengers.”
It is thought that the survival of all on board is because the plane did not break up when it hit water and because of the immediately arrival of the water taxis and boats. 今天下午，一架美国航线喷射机在碰撞上了一群鹅后迫降在冰冷的哈德孙河上，但奇迹般的没有一个丧生只有少数人受伤。我们在现场的记者詹姆斯穆尔将会做更详尽的报道。 这架空客330在纽约时间下午3点26分从拉瓜地亚机场出发飞往北卡罗莱纳州的夏洛特机场，机上共有155人，起飞30到45秒后，一群鹅撞上了飞机，导致飞机的两个引擎都熄火了，其中一个着火。没有了动力飞机无法返回拉瓜地亚机场因此为了使飞机不坠毁在有人居住的地区飞行员决定降落在哈德孙河上。两分钟以后，飞机成功地降落，乘客们能够从紧急出口爬出飞机。尽管飞机很快进了水，但幸运的是，许多目睹了撞击的水上巴士和船都在
飞机旁边等候。机上乘客和工作人员站在机翼上浸在冰冷的河水里然后被救上船。一个小时以后，当纽约人民在电视里看到这场事故时，主要是极度寒冷的关系。机上的每一个人，包括一个小婴儿都被送到医院接受治疗，他们的伤势据说并不严重。其中一个乘客阿尔贝托，帕内罗说，当飞机接近河的时候人们都开始祈祷但是所有的人都保持了镇静。
这架飞机的飞行员名叫切斯里，撒伦伯格尔，今年57岁，有着29年的飞行经验而且曾一度担任过美国战斗机飞行员，撒伦伯格尔是最后一个离开飞机的，而且在爬出去以前他从上上下下下在机舱内走了两遍以确保机舱空无一人，他现在已经称为英雄。纽约大卫，佩特森在今天下午的新闻发布会上说：“我相信现在我们有了一个哈德孙河上的奇迹，无论怎样，这位飞行员在没有任何发动机的情况下，能够使飞机安全降落而且几乎没有乘客伤亡。 现在普遍认为由于飞机碰撞到河水时没有裂开而且水上巴士和船只及时赶到，才有了机上乘客全部生还的奇迹。
Passage 2
Streets Full of Heroes
A:Hi,we are asking people who their personal hero is. Someone they really admire and who’s inspired them in some way. B:Oh,right.Interesting.
A:Can you tell us a bit about yourself?
B:Sure.My name is Paul Smith. I worked at London zoo. A:London zoo? Really?
B:Yes,I’m a zoo keeper. I look after the elephants.
A:Elephants?what a great job! So who is your hero, Paul?
B:I’ve got quite a few heroes. But I guess my biggest hero is Al Gore. A:The American politician. So why him?
B:Well,he is the guy who made people take climate change seriously. A:You are referring to the film An Inconvenient Truth, I take it?
B:That’s right. That film proved to people with statistics and graphs, that kind of thing---that climate change was happening and that it’s man-made. Before that ,most people believed it was just a few crazy scientists who thought it was happening.
A:You work with animals. Do you worry about the effect of the climate on animals? B：Sure，I do. All these species are going to become extinct. It’s terrible. A：It is. Would you say Al Gore’s been an inspiration to you?
B:Yes,I would. He’s taught me about importance of taking action when you see something that needs to be done. I do volunteer work for Greenpeace---quite a lot actually. That’s the way I do my bit.
A:Greenpeace?Excellent.Thanks,Paul.Hi,what’s your name? C:Clare hope.
A:What do you do?
C:Well,I’m a mum with two young kids and I work part-time as an accountant for the Red Cross.
A:We’re asking people who their personal hero is and if they’ve inspired them in any way. C:That’s an easy one. Melinda Gates, she’s my hero. A:Why is that?
C:Well,she is Bill Gates’ wife, one of the richest people in the world. You know ,she could so
easily do nothing, just enjoy her money. And instead she co-founded the um… Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and I think that it’s called---and it is one of the biggest private charity organization in the world. It’s donated more than 280 million dollars to various good causes. A:More than 280 million dollars? Now that’s a lot of money. She is very active in it, isn't she? C:Oh yeah, she is a director. Flies all over the world. A:Do you do any work for charity?
C:I make phone calls for Save the Children, asking people to donate. She is a real inspiration, Melinda gates。 A:你好，我们正在调查人们心目中的英雄都是谁。某个他们真的敬仰的以及已经在某些方面上鼓舞他们的人。 B:哦很好，很有趣。
A:你能告诉我们一点关于你自己的情况吗？
B:当然，我叫保罗史密斯。我在伦敦动物园工作。 A:伦敦动物园？真的吗？
B:是，我是一名动物园饲养员。我照顾大象。
A:大象？多伟大的一份工作啊。谁是你心中的英雄，保罗？
B:我心里拥有相当多的英雄，但是我想最大的英雄应该是艾尔戈尔。 A:那个美国政治家，那么为什么是他呢？
B:恩，他是那个使人们严肃对待气候变化的人。
A:你参考了那部电影，难以忽视的，我说的对吧？ B:是的。那部电影用统计的数据和图表等这类的资料向人们证明了气温变化正在发生而且那是人类造成的。在这之前，大多数人们认为这仅是一些疯狂的科学家认为它在发生而已。 A:你从事动物工作。那你会担心气候对动物的影响吗？
B:当然，我会的。所有的这些都物种即将会灭绝了。这很糟糕。
A:的确是这样。你会说艾尔已经对你来说成为一名鼓舞人心的人了吗？ B:是的，我会。他教会我当你看到一些事情需要被做的时候就要采取行动的重要性。事实上，我为绿色和平组织做了很多的志愿工作。这是我尽我一点贡献的方式。 A:绿色和平组织？非常好。谢谢你保罗。你好，你叫什么名字？ C:克莱尔贺普 A:您是做什么的？
C:恩，我是一个有两个小孩子的妈妈。而且我兼职为红十字会做会计。
A:我们正在调查人们心目中的英雄都是谁而且他们是否已经以任何一种方式鼓舞到人们。 C:这很简单。梅琳达盖茨，她是我心中的英雄。 A:为什么呢？
C:她是世界首富之一的比尔盖茨的夫人。你知道，她什么都不用做就能简单地享受她的钱财。然而她合创了Bill 和Melinda gates基金会，我认为是这么这样称呼的。而且这是世界最大的私人慈善组织之一。它已经捐献了超过280,000,000美元为各种各样的慈善的原因。 A:超过280，000,000美元？现在这是很大一笔钱啊。她非常的积极投身于慈善事业，不是吗？
C:哦，是的。她是一名主管。会飞往全球各个地方。 A:你为慈善做过什么工作吗？
C:我在救助儿童会中负责打电话，号召人们捐献。梅琳达盖茨真的是一个鼓舞人心的人。
Listening In 7
Part I
When you have a biscuit with your cup of tea do you dunk it?And if so what is the perfect way to do it?That's the subject of today's Science in Action Report. It may be hard to believe,but scientists at the University of Bristol have been analyzing this question. And after a two-month study,they devised a mathematical formula for dunking biscuits. So no more melting chocolate,or biscuit crumbs in the bottom of your cup,which is the fate of one in four biscuits that are dunked in tea,according to research by a biscuit manufacturer.
Doughnut bunkers don't face the same problems because doughnuts are held together with an elastic net of protein gluten. This substance allows the doughnut to absorb liquid without breaking down its structure. The structure of a biscuit,however,is held together by sugar which melts when placed in hot tea or coffee.
So what is the answer?The researchers,led by Dr Len Fisher, discovered that holding the biscuit in a horizontal position-or\"flat-on\"-has a significant effect on the amount on the time of a biscuit can stay in hot liquid before falling apart. In fact this horizontal dunking results in a dunking time up to four times longer than traditional vertical dunking.
What's the reason for this?It seems that the answer is related to diffusion,in other words,the length of time it takes for the liquid to penetrate the structure of the biscuit. Basically it takes longer for the liquid to travel through the channels of a biscuit when it is laid flat on the surface of liquid. Also the fact that when a biscuit is dunked horizontally,with the biscuit submerged in the liquid ,and the chocolate coating staying out of the liquid,the chocolate helps hold the biscuit together. Another factor influencing the equation is the temperature of the tea-the hotter the tea,the faster the sugar melts.
The researchers also found that by dunking a biscuit into tea or coffee,up to ten times more flavor is released than if the biscuit is eaten dry. So it's worth experimenting yourself. If you are wondering how you can perfect the horizontal dunk,the researchers have come up with an idea for a biscuit-holding device to make dunking biscuits easier. They are even now working on producing a table giving guidelines on dunking times for different types of biscuits.
On that note,I think it's time to go off to the canteen for a tea break!
当你边喝茶边吃饼干的时候,你会不会把饼干放到茶水中浸一浸?如果你会浸一浸的话，你知道浸饼干最好的方法吗?这是今天《科学在线》报告的主题。你可能很难相信，但是布里斯托尔大学的科学家们一直在研究分析这个问题。在经过了两个月的研究之后，他们总结出了一个浸泡饼干的数学公式。根据饼干制作者的研究，那些被泡在茶水里的饼干，有四分之一不会在杯底残留融化的巧克力和饼干碎屑。
浸泡炸面圈的人就不会面临这样的问题，因为炸面圈由有弹性的蛋白质面筋网结合而成，这些物质可以让炸面圈吸收水分却不破坏自身结构，然而饼干的结构却是由糖分结合而成，糖分被放在热咖啡或热茶中是会融化的。
那么两者不同的原因是什么呢,由莱思 费希尔博士带领的研究者们发现把饼干放在一个水平的位置或者平放，对饼干可以存在于热水中不破碎的时间有重要影响。事实上，这种水平浸泡饼干的方法导致饼干的浸泡时间是传统的垂直浸泡的时间的五倍。
产生这种现象的原因是什么？答案似乎与渗透有关系，换句话说，就是与液体渗入饼干结构当中所需要的时间有关。一般来说，当饼干平放在液体表面时，液体需要更多的时间进入饼干的机构当中。另外事实是当饼干水平浸入液体当中，并被浸没而巧克力外衣却在液体之外的时候，巧克力可以帮助维持饼干的结构。另一个影响这个反应式的因素就是茶水的温度，温度越高，糖分融化越快。
研究者还发现，与干吃饼干相比，将饼干浸泡在茶或咖啡当中，有十倍多的味道会被释放出来。所以值得你亲身体验一下。如果你想知道怎样才能完美地水平浸泡你的饼干，研究着们已经产生一个想法去研究一种可以存放饼干的机器，使浸泡饼干更加容易。他们甚至正致力于研究出一种桌子，可以针对不同类型饼干的浸泡时间给出相应的指导. 说到这,我认为是时候去餐厅喝茶休息一会了.
Part II
A: Hey, Louise! Look at this book about crop circles. Some of the photos are absolutely unbelievable.
B: You don’t believe in all that stuff, do you, Peter?
A: I’m not saying I believe in UFOs and things. But some of the formations are fascinating. They’re made up of lots of the interconnected circles and geometrical shapes. You know, in the past few years, there have been more reports of then. The circles are getting larger and designs are getting more intricate„I’m sure that they can’t all be man-made. Think about it-they’re so complicated, and they appear night in the middle of fields of wheat, barley or corn. It’s definitely pretty weird.
B: I know, but I saw a TV documentary about it. And they showed how a group of hoaxers made an elaborate crop circle in the field at night. Using wooden planks, ropes, plastic tubes, and a garden roller. They even fooled some of the people who believe in the paranormal. Aliens coming down in UFOs and creating them and so on.
A: I’m sure lots of them are created by people just to get publicity but look
th
here-it says ”The first records of crop circles get back as far as the 17 century. Since the 1917s, there have been of 12000 reports from countries all around the world, including Italy, America, South Africa, Australia and Brazil. Most reports are from here in England though.
B: But surely that’s just because they get so much media coverage these days? So more people are making them.
A: Perhaps. But how do you explain the fact that the actual chemical composition of the grains of crops inside the circles changes? Scientific tests have found they have a higher protein level. The stems of the grains have often been exposed to high temperatures. And they found that the soil outside. So far, the hoaxers haven’t been able to copy all these features.
B: Well, I’m not a scientist but I’m pretty sceptical about all these so-called paranormal explanations. I remember in the programme I watched, the researchers found signs of human interference, such as holes in the earth and footprints. A: Come on„you must admit, that still leaves a lot which is unexplained!
B: There’s lots of things that are hard to explain but this really.
A：嗨，露易丝！看看这本关于麦田怪圈的书。其中的一些图片真的是完全难以置信。 B：你不会相信所有这样的材料吧，彼得？
A：我不是说我相信UFO之类的事。但是一些阵型很迷人。他们是由大量的互联圈和几何形状组成的。你知道,在过去的几年中,已经有越来越多的报道。这些怪圈正在变得更大，这些设计也在变得更错综复杂。。。我确信他们不可能全部是人为的。你想想---他们是这么复杂，而且他们又在晚上出现在种着小麦、大麦、玉米的田野的。这绝对是非常奇怪的事。 B：我知道。但是我看了一个关于这个的电视纪录片。他展示了一群骗子是怎样在晚上用木板、绳子、塑料管和花园辊子在田野里制造一个煞费苦心的麦田怪圈。他们甚至愚弄一些相信超自然的人们，说是外星人从UFO上下来制造了怪圈之类的谎言。 A：我相信他们其中的一些是为了引起公众注意而被人造的。但是看这里---它说“最早关于麦田怪圈的记录可以追溯回十七世纪。从1917年，已经有来自全世界各地关于它的报道12000多次，包括意大利、美国、南非、澳大利亚和巴西，尽管更多的记录是来自英国。 B：但是这正是因为最近他们得到如此多的媒体报道。所以更多的人们去制造怪圈。
A：或许吧。但是你怎么解释在圈内的谷物的化学性质被改变这一事实呢？科学家们实验发现这些谷物有更高级的蛋白质。谷物的茎经常被暴露在高温下。同时他们还发现土壤外翻。截止现在，那些骗子们还不能复制所有的这些特点。
B：好吧，我不是科学家但是我对这些所谓的超自然解释非常持怀疑态度。我记得我曾经看过的一个节目，调查者发现人类干扰的迹象，像地上的洞和脚印。 A：拜托。。你必须承认，它还有许多事情是无法解释的！ B：有很多事情是很难解释的但是这个真的。。。。
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