Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) The aim of college education is to produce individuals who are well on their way to become experts in their field of interest.
2) The growing importance of producing professionals who have the skills to work with people from a diverse set of disciplines.
3) First, through an interdisciplinary approach; Second, through a multidisciplinary approach. 4) College education should produce individuals who may later become expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers.
2. 1) f 2) d 3) a 4) e 5) g 6) m 7) j 8) k 9) l 10) i 11) b 12) h 13) c 4. (1) offered (2) stresses (3) ability (4) different (5) approach
(6) increasingly (7) graduates (8) enter (9) positions (10) Employment 6. 1) Multidisciplinary studies.
2) They both believe that current college education should lay emphasis on multidisciplinary
studies, which is a prerequisite to producing future expert who are interdisciplinary problem solvers. 3) Open. 4) Open. 5) Open.
Reading about the Topic
3. 1) The students have brought to MIT their individual gifts, such as their own intellect, energy, ideas, aspirations, distinctive life experience and point of view, etc. 2) They represent the geographic and symbolic center of MIT. 3) Names of intellectual giants.
4) Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, scientist, engineer, sculptor, inventor, city planner and architect.
4. Set 1: 1) c 2) e 3) d 4) h 5) a 6) g 7) f 8) b Set 2: 1) e 2) a 3) h 4) b 5) c 6) f 7) d 8) g 5. (b) Para. A (b) Para. B (a) Para. C (c) Para. D (f) Para. E (e) Para. F (d) Para. G (g) Para. A
6. 1) Because for him, the simplicity he appreciated in nature became his ultimate standard in design.
2) First was da Vinci’s complete disregard for the accepted boundaries between different f ields of knowledge. The second facet of da Vinci’s character was his respect for and fascination
with nature. The third quality of da Vinci’s character was an enthusiastic demand for hands-on making, designing, practicing and testing, and for solving problems in the real
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world.
3)“There is a good chance that you will never again live and work in a community with as many different cultures and backgrounds as MIT.”(Para. F)
4) Because by doing so, the students can engage themselves in new intellectual adventures so as to use their time at MIT to its fullest potential.
5) It means that “They took the initiative to search for the deepest answers, instead of sitting back and letting things happen to them.”
7. Set 1: 1) h 2) d 3) a 4) g 5) f 6) e 7) b 8) c Set 2: 1) c 2) g 3) d 4) a 5) h 6) f 7) e 8) b
8. 1) She wanted to describe for the new students three of his characteristics that particularly f it with the value of MIT.
2) Because by doing so, the students can encounter the most stimulating minds and inspiring
role models, experience a life in a community with diversif ied cultures and backgrounds and participate in various new intellectual adventures, so that they can get the most out of their MIT education.
3) The three of Da Vinci’s characteristics will be the heritage of MIT to be inherited by the
students. She hoped that the new students would follow Da Vinci as well as a great many extraordinary MIT teachers as their role models to use their time to its fullest potential.
4) Multidisciplinary thinking is a mode of thinking that goes beyond disciplinary boundaries in order to gain new ideas and fresh perspectives.
9. 1) Human ingenuity will never devise any inventions more beautiful, nor more simple, nor more to the purpose than Nature does. (Para. A)
2) For Da Vinci, the simplicity he appreciated in Nature became his ultimate standard in design. (Para. B)
3) Be as determined in your curiosity as Leonardo da Vinci — and you will use your time at MIT to its fullest potential. (Para. F)
4) MIT is a place of practical optimism and of passionate engagement with the most important problems of the world. (Para. G)
5) I had long since observed that people of accomplishment rarely sat back and let things happen to them. (Para. H)
10. Many scientists and engineers at MIT pursue simplicity in their design and development of technologies.
Exploring the Topic
4. 1) It is believed that a multidisciplinary approach to scientific education is of vital importance. 2) Second, a multidisciplinary emphasis is believed to be a prerequisite to training individuals. 3) It cannot be denied that these f irms are participating in turning out the future thinkers. 4) How about examining our problems about science and technology from a liberal arts perspective.
5) Surprisingly, however, our universities and colleges fail to switch from the conventional divisions and departmental sections to daily extracurricular multidisciplinary work.
5. Reading 1 begins with a contrast —“College education has always had the responsibility to ... However, ... we also see the growing importance of producing ...”. The introduction of Reading 2 is informative as well as interesting, which arouses the readers’ interest to go on reading.
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Integrated Exercises
2. (1) ultimate (2) spirit (3) feed (4) approach (5) property (6) represent
(7) discipline (8) aspiration (9) inspire (10) perspective (11) inherit (12) generate 3. The members of a word family inspire inspiration inspired inspiring generate generation generative generator aspiration aspire aspiring inherit inheritance inheritor inherited discipline disciplined disciplinary represent representation representative anatomist anatomy anatomical speculate speculation speculative speculator celebrate celebration celebrated celebrity intellect intellectual intelligence intelligent collaborate collaboration collaborative collabotator Integrate integrated integration Chinese equivalent v.激励 n.灵感 adj.有灵感的 adj.鼓舞人心的 v.产生 n.一代 adj.有生产力的 n.发电机 n.渴望 v.渴望 adj.有抱负的 v.继承 n.继承物 n.继承人 adj.遗传的 n.纪律 adj.纪律严明的 adj.有关纪律的 v.代表 n.表现 n.代表者 n.解剖学家 n.解剖学 adj.解剖的 v.推测 n.推测 adj.推测的 n.思索者 v.庆祝 n.庆祝活动 adj.著名的 n.名人 n.智力 adj.智力的 n.智慧 adj.有才智的 v.合作 n.合作 adj.合作的 n.合作者 v.合并 adj.完整统一的 n.整合 (1) inspiring (2) generation (3) collaborative (4) aspiring (5) Intelligent (6) inherit (7) celebrity (8) speculated (9) representative (10) anatomical
4. (1) D (2) A (3) C (4) B (5) D (6) A (7) B (8) C (9) A (10) C
5. (1) Many celebrated researchers around the world are collaborating to develop a new vaccine. (2) The scientists’ experiment generated an unexpected outcome.
(3) If the systems are restructured, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into the global economy.
(4) The doctors speculate that he died of a stroke caused by a blow on the head. (5) The murder trial attracted considerable public attention.
(6) The aspiration for college education inspires people in remote areas to work hard. (7) He inherited his parents’ fortune after their death. (8) He disregarded his father’s advice and left college.
(9) In this address, he asked the youngsters, who embody the spirits of the nation, to join the campaign.
(10) The special diet incorporates many different fruits and vegetables.
7. (1) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety.
(2) Success, as he explained, was nothing more than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck. (3) The new product has benef ited from research work at the crossroads between biological and medical studies.
(4) It was amazing that his idea echoed well the great philosopher’s belief, which he claimed not to have heard about before.
(5) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for possible emergencies.
(6) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by the
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environmentalist.
(7) This traveling experience will provide you with a rare opportunity to sample a different way of life.
(8) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adapting to the fast-paced modern life.
(9) More and more countries are bringing robots to bear on their various problems.
(10) These students are encouraged from a very early age to follow their own boundless interests well beyond the boundaries of conventional belief in obedient learning. 8.
A. (1) B (2) C (3) B (4) B (5) D
B. As multidisciplinary design has become a trend in the industry, there is a need for more emphasis on multidisciplinary perspectives. Educational institutions should take their role in training individuals who can function in a collaborative environment and be prepared to face multifaceted projects that they may not have been exposed to. However, our universities and colleges fail to shift from traditional divisions and departmental sections to multidisciplinary work being practiced on a daily basis outside the classroom. C. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T 5) T
D. (1) what learning is about (2) be inquisitive (3) learn a new subject (4) analyze a new problem (5) teacher-taught (6) master-inspired (7) self-learner (8) the trap of dogma (9) no single simple answer
(10) black and white (11) critical thinking (12) tolerant and supportive (13) a new thesis topic (14) flexibility (15) style of leadership
Unit 2 The Scientific Method
Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) The Scientific Method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring knowledge, as well as correcting/integrating previous knowledge. It involves gathering
observable, empirical and measurable evidence, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
2) Scientists put forward hypotheses to explain what is observed. They then conduct experiments to test these hypotheses. The steps taken in the experiment must be capable of replication and the results emerge as the same. What is discovered may lead to a new hypothesis. 3) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased; total objectivity is impossible.
4) Scientists are human and can be unintentionally biased. Science uses our senses and our senses can be mistaken. We can never understand something as it really is because our very presence affects what is being studied.
5) ① Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. ② Science is exciting. ③ Science is useful. ④ Science is ongoing.
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⑤ Science is reliable.
⑥ Science is a community endeavor.
2. 1) c 2) g 3) e 4) f 5) a 6) d 7) h 8) k 9) b 10) i 11) j 4. (1) aspects (2) process (3) satisfy (4) technologies (5) puzzle
(6) collection (7) evidence (8) ensure (9) diversity (10) professional 6. 1) Science.
2) It brings to mind many different pictures: white lab coats and microscopes, a scientist peering through a telescope, the launch of the space shuttle, and so on. 3) Science can discover the laws to understand the order of nature.
4) Because it relies on a systems of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves
towards greater accuracy and understanding, and this system is facilitated by diversity within the scientific community, which offers a range of perspectives on scientific ideas. 5) Open.
Reading about the Topic
3. 1) The modern scientific method is characterized by confirmations and observations which “verified”the theories in question, but some genuinely testable theories, when found to be false, are still upheld by their admirers, which rescues the theory from refutation only at the price of destroying, or at least lowering, its scientific status.
2) A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.
3) Their theories were constantly verified by their clinical observations. They always fitted and were always confirmed.
4) Light must be attracted by heavy bodies (such as the sun).
5) There is the risk involved in a prediction: the theory is incompatible with certain possible results of observation — in fact with results which everybody before Einstein would have expected.
4. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g Set 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) f 5) d 6) c 7) h 8) g 5. Para. A (b) Para. B (c) Para. C (e) Para. D (e) Para. E (a) Para. F (d)
6. 1) Observations, hypotheses, and deductions, then conclusions.
2) You will need to research everything that you can f ind about the problem.
3) You shouldn’t change the hypothesis. Instead, try to explain what might have been wrong with your original hypothesis.
4) An important thing to remember during this stage of the scientific method is that once you develop a hypothesis and a prediction, you shouldn’t change it, even if the results of your experiment show that you were wrong.
5) Because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way. 7. Set 1: 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) b 5) f 6) e 7) h 8) g Set 2: 1) e 2) g 3) a 4) f 5) c 6) b 7) d 8) h
8. 1) Observation, as the f irst stage of the scientific method, is a way of collecting information
from any possible sources, which can serve as a foundation in verifying a theory. In this process, one should expect an event which could refute the theory. Only through being refuted by new observations which are incompatible with the theory could it be falsified,
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which ref lects its true scientific virtue.
2) A hypothesis is a possible solution to a problem, based on knowledge and research, while a theory is a hypothesis confirmed by the research findings. Every theory cannot be applied to every situation; otherwise, it is not a good theory.
3) It is always possible to verify nearly every theory, but that would rescue the theory from refutation at the price of destroying, or at least lowering its scientific status.
4) To falsify a theory is more valuable, because a theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific.
9. 1) Because of this personal experience and an interest in the problem, you decide to learn more about what makes plants grow. (Para. B)
2) The experiment that you will design is done to test the hypothesis. (Para. D)
3) Through informal, exploratory observations of plants in a garden, those with more sunlight appear to grow bigger. (Para. H)
4) The judges at your science fair will not take points off simply because your results don’t match up with your hypothesis. (Para. K)
5) You cannot prove the hypothesis with a single experiment, because there is a chance that you made a miscue somewhere along the way. (Para. Q)
10. Observation, the initial stage of the research, requires a thorough understanding of a research project you have chosen by collecting adequate information from various sources, and is followed by the next stage known as hypothesis, an uncomplicated statement that defines what you think the outcome of your experiment will be.
Exploring the Topic
4. 1) Science does not include explanations based on no empirical evidence.
2) The human nature of science, however, renders it unlikely to be free of personal prejudices,
misapprehensions, and bias.
3) The scope of science encompasses the whole universe and natural world.
4) Science is a process of deciding whether the acquired evidence may prove what is most likely to be correct currently.
5) It is not possible to prove a hypothesis with a single experiment, as chances are that a mistake was made somewhere in the process.
Integrated Exercises
2. (1) additional (2) illustrate (3) interpret (4) conduct (5) previous (6) involve (7) design (8) verify (9) reflect (10) collect (11) research (12) support 3. The members of a word family acquire acquired acquisition project projected projecting projection method methodical methodology methodological identify identifiable identification identity unidentifiable
Chinese equivalent v.获得 adj.获得的 n.获得物 n.计划 adj.规划的 adj.突出的 n.规划 n.方法 adj.有方法的 n.方 adj.方的 v.识别 adj.可辨认的 n.鉴定、身份 adj.无法识别的 6 / 25
empirical empirically empiricism confirm confirmation confirmed approach approachable approaching unapproachable theory theoretical theoretically theorist emphasis emphasize emphatic emphatically achieve achievable achieved achievement commit commitment constitute constituency constituent constitution constitutional constitutive assume assumed assuming assumption expose exposed exposure logical illogical illogically logician adj.凭经验的 adv.凭经验地 n.经验论 v.确认 n.证实 adj.确认的 v.接近 adj.可接近的 adj.逼近的 adj.不易亲近的 n.理论 adj.理论上的 adv.理论上地 n.理论家 n.强调 v.强调 adj.强调的 adv.强调地 v.取得 adj.可以实现的 adj.高度完美的 n.成就 v.把……托付给 n.承诺 v.组成 n.选区 n.组成部分 n. adj.的 adj.构成的 v.假定 adj.假装的 conj.如果 n.假定 v.揭露 adj.裸露的 n.暴露 adj.逻辑上的 adj.不合逻辑的 adv.不合逻辑地 n.逻辑学家 (1) methodical (2) commitment (3) achievable (4) assume (5) illogical (6) exposure (7) constitutive (8) emphatic (9) confirmation (10) identity
4. (1) A (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B 5. (1) This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity.
(2) Other scholars attempt to approach the subject from an economical perspective.
(3) Participating in the activity will provide one with an initial taste of the objectives of sociology.
(4) Scientists insisted there was a rational explanation for the strange phenomenon.
(5) To most young people, higher education is nothing but a process of acquiring knowledge. (6) The study demonstrates the necessity of taking a much broader view in the matter. (7) The new car’s design successfully integrates art and technology.
(8) China actually encountered the identical stages of its development in the early 1990s to the West.
(9) The virus can spread to a document or application between computers and render the computer useless.
(10) If the sustainable development of small economies is facilitated, their effectiveness will be ultimately integrated into the global economy.
7. 1) We could not attend a conference without hearing some talks about change and challenge. 2) Things seem highly optimistic in the light of numerous reports, especially from country districts.
3) I am in favor of the argument that urbanization should be controlled properly. 4) Something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did.
5) My computer does not work because it was rendered paralyzed by some viruses. 6) Experts are working on the plan in question. And they’ll come to an answer.
7) A national curriculum framework is logically incompatible with pupil-centered learning. 8) For many women success is often achieved at the price of their married life. 9) Many attempts had been made before I successfully entered a key university. 10) There is a good chance that it will turn fine tomorrow.
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8. A. (1) B (2) A (3) C (4) A (5) B
B. Understanding scientific method is critical to your scientific endeavor. The scientific
method is a series of steps that serve as guidelines for scientific efforts, and a tool that helps scientists solve problems and determine answers to questions in a logical format. There are two forms of scientific method: the experimental method and the descriptive method. The former employs numerical data and graphs, used in physical sciences, while the latter gathers Information through visual observation and interviewing, employed in zoology and anthropology. The scientific method involves five steps, namely, identifying a problem, researching the problem, formulating a hypothesis, conducting an experiment and reaching a conclusion.
C. (1) The process of science, in contrast to the linear steps of the simplified scientific method, is iterative.
(2) Science circles back on itself so that useful ideas are built upon and used to learn even more about the natural world.
(3) Gregor Mendel showed that inheritance is particulate that information is passed along in discrete packets that cannot be diluted.
(4) Any point in the process leads to many possible next steps, and where that next step leads could be a surprise.
(5) Science may involve many different people engaged in all sorts of different activities in different orders and at different points in time. D. (1) natural world (2) investigations (3) basic question
(4) information (5) Experiments (6) detailed understanding (7) built upon (8) deepen and extend (9) in the process (10) testing (11) observation (12) new direction
(13) in different orders (14) represent (15) less important
Unit 3 Ancient China’s Contribution to Science
Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) Needham is the world’s famous Sinologist and author of Science and Civilization in China.
2) The European people just take these inventions for granted. All originated in China but have long since been adopted by the West.
3) They helped to inspire the European agricultural and industrial revolutions.
4) It has won five literary awards in America and been translated into 43 languages. 5) His book, The Spirit of Chinese Invention, was approved by the Chinese Ministry of Education for use in connection with the national secondary curriculum in China. 2. 1) f 2) k 3) c 4) a 5) o 6) n 7) g 8) e 9) d 10) m 11) i 12) h 13) j 14) l 15) b
4. (1) credit (2) considerable (3) befriended (4) breakthroughs (5) thoroughly (6) flown (7) academic (8) embark (9) suggested (10) staff
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6. 1) The overlooked great breakthroughs in ancient China.
2) Dr. Needham argued that a proper book on the history of Chinese science and technology would have a wide bearing on the general history of thought and ideas.
3) He helped to bring due credit to China’s overlooked contribution to scientific innovation. 4) Yes, he does. Because he believed that a proper popular book would have a wide bearing on the general history of thoughts and ideas, which could not be possible if the book was too academic.
Reading about the Topic
3. 1) Both Westerners and Chinese people are ignorant of the fact that the West imported a lot of inventions from ancient China.
2) Because more than half of the basic inventions and discoveries upon which the“modern world”rests come from China.
3) Because they take many great achievements for granted, and even the Chinese themselves lost sight of the truth, so their western inheritors wouldn’t trouble themselves to know the truth.
4) Because it is always more satisfying to the ego to think that they have reached their
present position alone and unaided, and that they are the proud masters of all abilities and all crafts.
4. Set 1: 1) d 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) c 6) g 7) f 8) h Set 2: 1) d 2) g 3) e 4) h 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) f
5. Para. A (e) Para. B (b) Para. C (f) Para. D (a) Para. E (a)
Para. F (a) Para. G (c) Para. H (g) Para. I (h) Para. J (d)
6. 1) The three inventions transform-ed completely the modern world and mark-ed it off from the ancient and the Middle Ages.
2) The European agricultural revolution, which laid the basis for the Industrial Revolution, came about only because of the importation of Chinese ideas and inventions.
3) The truth that half of the basic inventions and discoveries originated from China needs to be imparted to schoolchildren. The purpose is to let them know the truth and then to bridge the chasm between the East and the West.
4) The bureaucratic organization of China in its earlier stages strongly helped science to
grow; only in its later ones did it inhibit further growth, and in particular prevented a breakthrough which has occurred in Europe.
5) The author points out the reasons why China was developed in the past but backward at present and why the West was underdeveloped in the past but advanced at present. 7. Set 1: 1) c 2) g 3) h 4) b 5) f 6) d 7) a 8) e Set 2: 1) c 2) d 3) g 4) e 5) a 6) b 7) f 8) h
8. 1) The two readings both list a series of great inventions and discoveries that originated in
ancient China. Reading 1 tends to be factual, while Reading 2 is more critical of the fact that the Chinese are ignorant of their ancient achievements and the Westerners simply take them for granted.
2) The argument in Reading 2 is more reasonable and acceptable since the author uses a lot of
examples and examines the question from both the Chinese and Western perspectives to
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illustrate his point.
3) Reading 2 holds more obvious negative attitudes towards Westerners.
4) It would be better if the nations and the peoples of the world had a clearer understanding of each other, allowing the mental gap between East and West to be bridged. (Reading 2) The discoveries and inventions made in Europe in the seventeenth century and thereafter depended so much in so many cases on centuries of previous Chinese progress in science, technology and medicine. (Reading 3)
9. 1) He regarded the origins of these inventions as “obscure”and he died without ever knowing that all of them were Chinese. (Para. B)
2) Chauvinistic Westerners, of course, always try to minimize the indebtedness of Europe to China in the ancient and the Middle Ages, but often the circumstantial evidence is compelling. (Para. C)
3) In many cases we simply cannot identify the channels through which knowledge was conveyed from East to West. (Para. C)
4) Modern science which developed in the seventeenth century was a mathematization of hypotheses about nature, combined with experimentation. (Para. D)
5) One factor which must have great relevance here is the circumstance that the feudalism of Europe and China were fundamentally different. (Para. E)
10. The feudalism of China differed greatly from that of Europe in that its bureaucratic
organization promoted the growth of science in ancient China but inhibited its further development later on. Exploring the Topic
4. 1) Increasingly being bewitched by the advanced European technology, the Chinese have forgotten their own achievements.
2) A book like that would be absolutely non-academic; it would nevertheless have a far-reaching influence on the general history of thought and ideas.
3) The lesson to be drawn from the history of agriculture can best illustrate the ignorance of the egoistic westerners.
4) The Chinese and Westerners are equally surprised when they realize that modern agriculture, modern shipping and even the essential design of the steam engine all originated from China.
5) A clear understanding among the nations and the peoples of the world would be welcomed to bridge the gap between East and West.
5. 2) The deafening noise, and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on nerves.
Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do great injury to delicate lungs. The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to the eyesight.
3) What was it that enabled them to become great or successful? Were they born with something special? Or did their greatness have more to do with timing, devotion and,
perhaps, an uncompromising personality? The answer is a never surrender attitude. If great achievers share anything, it is an unrelenting drive to succeed. There is a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal.
Integrated Exercises
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2. (1) insight (2) expertise (3) obscure (4) backward
(5) undertake (6) ignorant (7) acknowledge (8) essential (9) minimize (10) shatter (11) fading (12) illustration 3. The members of a word family insight insights insightful minimize minimized minimizing circumstance circumstantial circumstantially parallel paralleled unparallelled hypothesis hypothetical hypothetically irrespective irrespectively respectively bureaucrat bureaucratic bureaucratically dazzle dazzled dazzling dazzlingly essence essential essentially essentiality undertake undertaking undertaker gigantic gigantism resurrect resurrection resurgent resurgence inherit inherent inheritable inheritor inheritress illusion illusive illusionary illusionist astronomy astronomical astronavigation transform transformable transformer backward backwards backwardness contribution contributive contributory indebted indebtedness relevant irrelevance irrelevant relevance Chinese equivalent n.洞察力n.领悟adj.有深刻见解的 v.使减到最小adj.最小化的adj.极小值的 n.环境adj.依照情况的、详尽的adv.依照情 况地 adj.平行的n.平行线adj.并行的adj.无法匹配的 n.假设adj.假设的,爱猜想的adv.假想地 adj.不考虑的 ,无关的 adv.无关地 adv.各自地 n.官僚 adj.官僚的 adv.官僚主义地 v.使目眩 adj.眼花缭乱的 adj.耀眼的 adv.灿烂地 n.本质 adj.基本的 adv.本质上n.重要性 ,根本性 v.承担 ,保证 n.事业 n.承办人 adj.巨大的 ,庞大的 n.巨人症 v.使复活 n.复活 ,复活者 adj.复活的 n.再现 v.继承 adj.固有的 adj.可继承的 n.继承人 n.女继承人 n.幻觉 adj.错觉的 adj.幻影的 n.魔术师 n.天文学 adj.天文的 n.太空航行 v.改变、变换 adj.可转换的 n.变压器 adj.向后的 adv.向后地 n.落后 n.贡献、投稿 adj.出资的、贡献的 adj.捐助的,导致的 adj.负债的 n.债务,受恩惠 adj.相关的 n.离题 adj.不切题的 n.关联
(1) insightful (2) transformation (3) respectively (4) dazzling (5) resurgent (6) indebted (7) backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary 4. (1) C (2) D (3) A (4) B (5) A (6) A (7) C (8) D (9) B (10) D
5. (1) Examples will be drawn from literature and popular media to illustrate the range of leadership and non-leadership behaviors and competencies.
(2) You’ll never be able to eliminate interruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimize them.
(3) There is evidence that the movie reinforces negative stereotypes about women. (4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation. (5) Determination and effort enable-d the young man to acquire success. (6) The project was held back by budget restraints.
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(7) We will continue to press governments in the region to undertake political reforms. (8) This level of economic growth is unprecedented and unique.
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(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
(10) The profound economic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might be reversible.
7. (1) It must be realized that China experienced a great transformation in the last century. (2) However, it is rather questionable whether the majority of Americans know the truth about China and Chinese people.
(3) All of the information can be conveyed by simple graphs.
(4) It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world. (5) It is a lesson that all of us should take to heart.
(6) We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China. (7) Many of us take it for granted that technology is the top priority in economic development.
(8) How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?
(9) I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than the fact that many university graduates have become the leaders in various f ields.
(10) The demand for a raise ref lects as much a desire for the recognition of their success as for more money.
8. A. (1) C (2) B (3) D (4) D (5) C
B. China’s ancient great inventions and discoveries, as the forerunners of some of the
modern technologies, both enhance the quality of human life and change Chinese history of science. The most signif icant ones are papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing. Paper, one of the most widely used and indispensable materials, led to subsequent
innovations like paper currency, woodblock printing and ceramic movable type printing. The most important invention of gunpowder triggered a series of related discoveries like fireworks, land mine-s，naval mine-s, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket-s, etc. The compass, originally in a crude form, was followed by a magnetic device and a magnetic needle for navigation in waters.
C. (1) He accidentally stumbled upon f ireworks by mixing 3 routine kitchen ingredients — saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal and ignited them.
(2) The fireworks came to be used for auspicious occasions like wedding-s, religious ceremonies and to celebrate victories and achievements, and even as rocket fuel. (3) He was called the founder of f ire crackers.
(4) The gun powder tubes were found to be strong enough to launch arrows and this is how the rocket was conceptualized and used against the Mongolians in a Kai keng battle. (5) He wanted to see how these rockets could be used for transportation. D. (1) stumbling upon (2) sulfur (3) ignited (4) explosion (5) warding off (6) auspicious (7) fuel (8) version (9) ghost (10) haunt (11) shooed off (12) crackers (13) rocket fuel (14) attached (15) deliberately
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Unit 4 Responsibility of Scientists
Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) Hans Bethe was a distinguished scientist with remarkable contributions to several areas of physics during his academic career, and also a Nobel Prize winner. As an exemplary scientist, Bethe was marked by his warmth, generosity, tenacity, and modest habits.
2) His major contributions include his 1939 research into how the sun generates its energy by
Converting hydrogen to helium using carbon as a nuclear catalyst and his central role in the “Manhattan Project”.
3) He used Los Alamos as a platform to address scientists there directly as well as scientists around the world through the press.
4) Because he realized that it was time to rightly disarm and dismantle nuclear weapons. 5) Like chemical and biological weapons, nuclear weapons have the potential for mass destruction, thus posing a great threat to humanity.
2. 1) b 2) k 3) c 4) e 5) m 6) j 7) a 8) f 9) d 10) i 11) h 12) g 13) l 4. (1) experimental (2) potential (3) identified (4) disappeared (5) zero (6) Achieving (7) possession (8) safeguard (9) abandon (10) look 6. 1) Disarmament of nuclear weapons.
2) They think nuclear weapons could have the potential for mass destruction, thus posing a great threat to humanity. 3) Open. 4) Open. 5) Open.
Reading about the Topic
3. 1) Einstein’s penetrating intellect gave rise to the birth of nuclear weapons. However, later in
his life, Einstein realized the potential harm of the invention and made serious efforts to deter the spread of nuclear weapons.
2) The major risk of nuclear energy is its potential for massive destruction that could bring an end to the human species.
3) Einstein never worked on the Manhattan Project to make the atomic bomb, and was deeply disturbed and saddened when the bombs were used on Japan.
4) There is no solution to the problem of atomic bombs except international control of atomic energy and, ultimately, the elimination of war.
5) The strong message he sent to humanity: “The splitting of the atom has changed everything
except our modes of thinking, and thus we drift toward unprecedented catastrophe.”It indicates his cautious and objective attitude towards nuclear weapons. 4. Set 1: 1) d 2) h 3) c 4) a 5) f 6) g 7) b 8) e Set 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) h 5) g 6) c 7) d 8) f 5. Para. A (f) Para. B (e) Para. C (b) Para. D (d) Para. E (a) Para. F (a) Para. G (c)
6. 1) Yes, there is. A good scientist is not necessarily successful, and vice versa.
2) Fritz Haber’s case implies that it is possible for a successful scientist to do ethically bad
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things.
3) The role of the scientist can be defined by taking into account utilitarianism, obligation and virtue theory.
4) The authors believe that the Manhattan Project is a typical example of the obligation of scientists made necessary only under extraordinary circumstances like a war.
5) Because either term has no meaning in that particular theory. Every approach brings out a different aspect of “goodness”or“success”, but also leads to specific problems. 7. Set 1: 1) b 2) h 3) f 4) e 5) g 6) a 7) d 8) c Set 2: 1) d 2) c 3) h 4) g 5) e 6) a 7) b 8) f
8. 1) The authors of both articles both regard humanity as a crucial criterion in judging whether a scientist is successful.
2) The author of Reading 2 definitely would consider Einstein epitomized the qualities of a successful scientist according to utilitarianism, obligation and virtue theory. 3) Utilitarianism, obligation and humanity.
4) Yes. Einstein would be regarded as a good and successful scientist. In terms of utilitarianism,
his penetrating intellect changed our view of the world. In terms of obligation, he felt it was his duty to inform President Franklin Roosevelt of the potential danger that the Germans would develop an atomic weapon to defeat the Allied powers. In terms of virtue, he never stopped fighting for the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction, urging scientists to act for the good of humanity.
9. 1) The German chemist Fritz Haber developed a method for synthesizing ammonia, thereby making it possible to produce fertilizers cheaply and in large quantities. (Para. E) 2) Stubbornly, Haber rejected his wife’s every suggestion. (Para. G) 3) Sometimes ends do justify the means for successful science. (Para. I)
4) In the same way that the ancient Greeks made a list of the “cardinal”virtues and ranked types of character, it should be possible to do the same for specific scientific virtues. (Para. J) 5) The physicist Paul Dirac was a famously anti-social person who would sometimes not speak a word during dinner parties. (Para. K)
10. The example of the German chemist Fritz Haber illustrates that a successful scientist will do things both beneficial and detrimental to human beings. Exploring the Topic
4. 1) Other nuclear states unanimously support the statement “Post-Cold War environment requires nuclear deterrence”.
2) It is groundless to argue that a world without nuclear weapons would be a world full of dangers.
3) International control of atomic energy is the only way to solve the problem.
4) The theoretical breakthrough on the power of mass converted to energy originated from his knowledge of the relationship between mass and energy.
5) Therefore, a utilitarian perspective may allow us to see a successful scientist involved in both good and bad deeds.
6. To start with, success is bad when it is achieved at the cost of the total quality of an
experience... What is worse, success that comes too easily is harmful... Worse still, certain kinds of success can be destructive...
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Integrated Exercises
2. (1) critical (2) abandon (3) reject (4) justify (5) potential (6) foresee (7) lessen (8) eliminate (9) distinction (10) awareness (11) valid (12) assess 3. The members of a word family admire admirable admiring admiringly deceive deceivable deceptive deception foresee forseeable eliminate elimination eliminating potent potently potential verify verifiable verification presume presumable presumably prepare prepared preparedness precede precedent unprecedented critic criticize critical critically utilize utility utilitarian utilitarianism oblige obligate obligation obligatory virtue virtuous virtuousness evaluate evaluation evaluative fertile fertility fertilize fertilizer argue argument argumentative argumentation condemn condemnable condemnation moral morally morality judge judgement judgmental distinct distinctive distinction Chinese equivalent v.敬佩adj.令人敬佩的adj.可敬佩的adv.可敬佩地 v.欺骗adj.欺骗性的adj.导致误解的n.骗术 v.预见 adj.可预见的 v.消除 n.排除 adj.排除的 adj.强大的 adv.效力大地 n.潜在的；潜力 v.证实 adj.可证实的 n.证明 v.假定 adj.可推测的 adv.可能 v.准备 adj.事先准备好的 n.有准备 v.先于 n.范例 adj.前所未有的 n.批评家 v.评论 adj.批判的 adv.批判性地 v.利用 n.效用 adj.功利主义的 n.功利主义 v.迫使 v.使某人负有责任 n.义务 adj.必要的 n.美德 adj.善良的 n.高洁 v.评估 n.评价 adj.可估价的 adj.富饶的 n.丰富 v.施肥 n.化肥 v.争辩 n.论点 adj.好辩的 n.争论 v.谴责 adj.应受责备的 n.责备 adj.有道德的 adv.有道德地 n.道德 v.审判 n.判断 adj.审判的 adj.清晰的 adj.与众不同的 n.区别 (1) critic (2) unprecedented (3) condemnation (4) foreseeable (5) verif ied (6) judgmental (7) evaluative (8) admirable (9) virtuous (10) obligatory
4. (1) B (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) A (6) B (7) C (8) A (9) D (10) B
5. (1) Elimination of poverty and injustice is a cardinal objective of the organization. (2) The new system is programmed to safeguard your computer against viruses. (3) The unprecedented earthquake devastated the local economy.
(4) He always tried to minimize his own faults, while rejecting any advice from others. (5) The traditional viewpoint on education still prevails today.
(6) We had no choice but to abandon the plan because we had discovered a fatal f law in the original design.
(7) The bus driver withstood the acute pain in his broken leg and pulled over after the collision. (8) A highly prestigious job may well indicate one’s prominent social status.
(9) Customers are often reminded to make a distinction between reliable information and misleading advertisements about the product.
(10) It is very thoughtful of you to have provisionally attended to the case which otherwise
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would have been left neglected.
7. (1) The classical theory, which was proposed in the early 17th century, still remains valid in modern chemical thought.
(2) The recent report on air quality is alarming, which has presented to us a severe problem of air pollution.
(3) His idea on the structure of the universe, as contained in his best-known book, has had great influence on various fields of study.
(4) There is no solution to the pollution problem except ensuring global attention on the issue. (5) Global warming is reported to have posed a great threat to many species.
(6) This chemical reaction, made possible by the catalyst and high temperature, is very violent. (7) A better design is to be expected as experts are working hard on the remaining problems. (8) The opportunity to start his own business is more attractive to him than entering a college, as seen from the practical viewpoint.
(9) Einstein’s discovery of the relationship between mass and energy gave the original insight into this theory.
(10) This conclusion makes us return to the questions that we started the essay with — how to
define scientific inventions, and how to give a valid evaluation as to the role they play in modern society.
8. A. (1) D (2) C (3) D (4) C (5) A
B. The speech proposes and expounds on the duties of a scientist in the modern age. Advancing science and technology have brought about drastic changes to our everyday life, but have
also given rise to serious worldwide problems. As a result, modern scientists are burdened with increasingly heavy responsibilities in addressing such big issues as population control, nuclear weapon checks and imbalance between plenty and poverty. In order to undertake research, scientists need a proper environment in which they are guaranteed the freedom to work for public welfare. Therefore, scientists can be of great service to mankind in achieving peace and freedom.
C. (1) The goal for the twenty-f irst century is to create a world of informed and engaged citizens committed to creative public service. (2) Experimentation is the best test.
(3) The strength of science lies in its provisional nature, its open-mindedness, and its capacity for doubt and uncertainty.
(4) Science’s experience with doubt and uncertainty might be its great lesson for humanity. (5) Both are constructs of reason; both are engaged in a struggle against forces of unreason that have used scientists and their research for destructive purposes; both share the experimental method, and both strive to give expression to universal truths. D. (1) experiment (2) open mind (3) received truth (4) marketability (5) clinical researchers (6) research reports (7) puts at risk (8) public confidence (9) makes products (10) seek truths
(11) educated circles (12) purposeful ignorance (13) challenge the assumption (14) indifferent to (15) making common cause with
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Unit 5 Scientific Discoveries
Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) He slipped into a public bath.
2) By measuring the volume of the water it displaces.
3) They would stop and ponder about the puzzles they stumble upon, recognize their significances, and make effort to pursue the leads to significant discoveries.
4) Most accidents that led to discoveries occurred in laboratories, which were themselves designed for explorations.
2. 1) c 2) a 3) h 4) d 5) b 6) e 7) g 8) f 9) j 10) i 4. (1) interview (2) chemistry (3) evidence (4) foster (5) somewhat
(6) squeezes (7) half-heartedly (8) absorbing (9) danger (10) fascinates 6. 1) The philosophy of scientific research.
2) Scientific discoveries should be motivated by curiosity and persistent efforts.
3) Be prepared to think hard and long about the problems, and look deeply into the way things work. 4) Open. 5) Open.
Reading about the Topic
3. 1) The article mainly tells us that the discovery of penicillin needs a prepared and open mind, and also relevant knowledge is essential for scientific investigation. 2) Only when bacterial colonies are quite young. 3) At least four.
4) Among Chain, Fleming, and Florey.
5) Because he did not think it was worth while trying. 4. Set 1: 1) f 2) d 3) h 4) g 5) a 6) e 7) c 8) b Set 2: 1) h 2) a 3) b 4) e 5) d 6) g 7) f 8) c 5. (f) Para. A (g) Para. B (d) Para. C (a) Para. D (h) Para. E (e) Para. F (b) Para. G (c) Para. H
6. 1) It requires much more knowledge, insight, and effort than the initial description of event-s. 2) Because the recycled chickens were injected with a culture and had been vaccinated. 3) Cowpox vaccine and smallpox prevention.
4) His discovery turned vaccination from a peculiar procedure for a particular disease to a theory connecting germs, vaccines, and disease prevention in general.
5) Experiments are not passive observations; they are actively planned according to some conception to look for something.
7. Set 1: 1) d 2) c 3) a 4) e 5) h 6) b 7) f 8) g Set 2: 1) g 2) f 3) h 4) e 5) b 6) a 7) c 8) d
8. 1) Both the authors cite similar examples, and employ them for contrast so as to illustrate their points.
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2) Keeping an open mind ready to exploit new possibilities and connect the dots.
3) An open mind would enable one to see something in a new light, therefore connecting it to other phenomena to explain the causes and fully reveal significances.
4) Yes. They may share the same background as the themes of the two articles both revolve around medical research.
9. 1) Accidental connection of dots led to the discovery that vaccination is a general method for preventing infectious diseases. (Para. B)
2) However, the dispute changes neither the significance of the discovery nor its accidental nature. (Para. C)
3) Smallpox vaccination was accepted strictly based on empirical success and as such it did not point to the possibility of vaccines for other diseases. (Para. D)
4) One no longer needs to wait for a lucky observation to suggest a vaccine for a specif ic disease. (Para. E)
5) Experiments are not passive observations; they are actively planned according to some conception to look for something. (Para. F)
10. Connecting the dots or making connections between different phenomena, though entailing more knowledge and insight, will lead to a more significant discovery. Exploring the Topic
4. 1) However, discovering the room that hides more doors leading to even greater treasures involves an open mind ready for new possibilities and connecting the dots.
2) Fleming was totally capable of conducting many animal experiments which required little chemical background. 3) Normally one’s own resources can be supplemented with seeking collaborators or employing assistants.
4) Neither the significance of the discovery nor its accidental nature can be altered by the dispute.
5) Often it is not until someone examines a previous phenomenon from a new perspective and sees its significance that chance discoveries are made. Integrated Exercises
2. (1) pursue (2) ignore (3) consume (4) sensational (5) investigation (6) infectious (7) promote (8) injection (9) explore (10) encounter (11) exploit (12) foster 3. The members of a word family regular regularly irregular irregularly inspire inspiring inspiration inject injectable injection different differently differentiate difference effective ineffective effectiveness count countless countable sensational sensation sensationally lead leading mislead misleading glory glorious glorify gloriously identify identification identifiable
Chinese equivalent adj.有规律的 adv.有规律地 adj.无规律的 adv.无规律地 v.激励 adj.鼓舞人心的 n.灵感 v.注射 adj.可注射的 n.注射 adj.不同的 adv.不同地 v.区别 n.不同 adj.有效的 adj.不起作用的 n.有效 v.计算 adj.无数的 adj.可数的 adj.轰动的 n.感受 adv.轰动地 v.领导 adj.主要的 v.误导 adj.误导性的 n.光荣 adj.光荣的 v.赞美 adv.光荣地 v.辨认 n.鉴别 adj.可辨认的 19 / 25
ignore ignorant ignorance external internal externally cooperate cooperation cooperator repute reputable reputation disrepute justify justification justifiable beneficent beneficence beneficently evitable inevitable inevitably responsible irresponsible responsibility inform information misinform informer v.不理睬 adj.无知的 n.无知 adj.外面的 adj.内部的 adv.外面地 v.合作 n.合作 n.合作者 v.认为 adj.声誉好的 n.声望 n.坏名声 v.为……辩护 n.辩解 adj.有理由的 adj.仁慈的 n.仁慈 adv.仁慈地 adj.可避免的 adj.不可避免的 adv.不可避免地 adj.有责任的 adj.不负责任的 n.责任 v.通知 n.信息 v.误导 n.通知者
(1) inspiration (2) mislead (3) responsibility (4) injection (5) reputable (6) internal (7) countless (8) differentiate (9) adventurous (10) glorious
4. (1) C (2) A (3) C (4) D (5) D (6) C (7) D (8) A (9) B (10) B 5. (1) There is no evidence for the effectiveness of the new design. (2) Language teachers often extract examples from grammar books.
(3) It was revealed that the frequent contact led to our intimate relationship. (4) High school dropouts constitute a fundamental problem in large city slums. (5) Four years elapsed before he returned.
(6) You can purify the contaminated air with a filtration system.
(7) The lecturer enlightened us about the latest astronomical discoveries. (8) The attack was anticipated but its intensity came as a shock.
(9) It took a lot of hard work and dedication, but we persisted in finishing the project on time. (10) A child may not differentiate between his imagination and the real world.
7. (1) They really made significant progress if they are viewed from the scientific point of view. (2) As is so often pointed out, science is to explore various possibilities.
(3) In contrast, in space there is an absence of weather and therefore no such interference. (4) It is not unusual for an infected person to contact other members of their family under such situations.
(5) One reason for the increase in computer crimes is that the crime often goes unreported. (6) When it involves military technology, space programs go beyond simple aeronautics and computer simulation.
(7) He lacked competence for solving the problems which involve factors in widely different domains.
(8) We can recognize its significance only when it is seen in a new light. (9) His expertise in this field complements his insight into human character.
(10) It occurred to me that he lacked the necessary expertise to perform this experiment. 8. A. (1) D (2) D (3) C (4) B (5) A
B. David Ellyard believes that discoveries in science originated in Italy in the early 16th
century. From there and then, we can trace a steady and ever-growing stream of discoveries about the workings of the natural world. Certainly there were sources further back, but many remained unknown. Both in China and Arabia, the spirit of free inquiry, the essential nutrient of science, had been crushed by centralized governments. And he thinks the most important discovery of all, the one that supports all the rest, was how to do science.
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C. (1) T (2) F (3) F (4) T (5) T
D. (1) between two materials (2) an optical system (3) detector (4) make an image (5) complex (6) the same path (7) take (8) at different angles (9) application
(10) This device (11) elapsed (12) A break in the fiber (13) decide the location (14) measurable (15) 100 km
Unit 6 Fraud and Academic Dishonesty
Keys to the Exercises
Approaching the Topic
1. 1) Because the pressure of an increasingly competitive research environment can lead to scientific misconduct.
2) Because misconduct is detrimental to scientific progress in many ways.
3) It suggests that scientific misconduct may be more common than we suspect. 4) If there is discernible intent to deceive.
2. 1) e 2) h 3) m 4) k 5) n 6) i 7) b 8) a 9) o 10) l 11) c 12) f 13) d 14) g 15) j 4. (1) F (2) F (3) T
5. (1) claimed (2) manipulated (3) offence (4) context (5) transferred (6) reproduce (7) panel (8) assembled (9) mislabeled (10) misconduct 7. 1) Academic dishonesty. 2) Open. 3) Open. 4) Open. 5) Open.
Reading about the Topic
3. 1) Cases of scientific misconduct have increased, which highlights the need for better safeguards against scientific misconduct.
2) Peer review, the referee system and replication.
3) In addition to the triple safety net, the United States has added extra protections, including new laws and government investigative bodies.
4) His team claimed to have extracted stem cells from cloned human embryos and to have cloned a dog.
5) Up to a third of the respondents had engaged in ethically questionable practices, from ignoring contradictory facts to falsifying data.
6) To provide a sounding board for editors who are struggling with how to best deal with possible breaches in research and publication ethics. 4. Set 1: 1) d 2) f 3) g 4) a 5) h 6) b 7) c 8) e Set 2: 1) e 2) c 3) a 4) g 5) b 6) d 7) h 8) f 5. Para. A (c) Para. B (c) Para. C (g) Para. D (i) Para. E (k) Para. F (a) Para. G (m) Para. H (d) Para. I (o) Para. J (e) Para. K (e) Para. L (b) Para. M (p) Para. N (f) Para. O (h)
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Para. P (j) Para. Q (j) Para. R (n) Para. S (l)
6. 1) Because most countries’ protective measures were either patchy or altogether absent. In
addition, a drastic rise in the number of scientific journals published around the world is contributing to the problem.
2) To take some protective measures nationally and internationally is needed.
3) Because it can confuse researchers, overwhelm quality-control systems, encourage fraud and distort the public perception of findings.
4) Because national investigative bodies and professional associations that oversee scientific research either did not exist or refused to help.
5) The committee should add outsiders, and perhaps scientists from other countries, who know the field and can help ensure that the investigation will retain its objectivity.
7. Set 1: 1) e 2) f 3) g 4) a 5) b 6) h 7) c 8) d Set 2: 1) e 2) d 3) h 4) f 5) a 6) g 7) c 8) b
8. 1) a) Most countries’ protective measures are either patchy or altogether absent.
b) A drastic rise in the number of scientific journals published around the world can confuse researchers, overwhelm quality-control systems, encourage fraud and distort the public perception of findings.
2) a) Dr. Hwang fabricated results in one of his landmark human cloning studies, published in Science last spring. (Reading 2)
b) Dr. John. R. Darsee was found to have fabricated much data for more than 100 papers. (Reading 2)
c) A scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory faked what had been hailed as crucial evidence linking power lines to cancer in 1999. (Reading 2)
d) At Bell Labs, a series of extraordinary claims suddenly collapsed in 2002. (Reading 2) e) The BMJ said that it published its own version of an Indian research in April 1982 and that it had later investigated serious questions about the validity of the research for more than a decade before speaking out. (Reading 3)
3) a) Bar dishonesty and bad research with a triple safety net. b) Pass new laws and set up government investigative bodies.
c) Journal editors should take collective action to enhance their credibility.
d) National investigative bodies and professional associations that oversee scientific research should provide the necessary aid.
e) Alliances between university researchers in countries and between institutions should work together.
f) The addition of outsiders, and perhaps scientists from other countries, who know the f ield and can help ensure that the investigation will retain its objectivity. 4) Open.
9. 1) Experts now say that the explosive growth of science around the globe has made the problem
far worse, because most countries have yet to institute the extra measures that the United States has put in place. (Para. A)
2) Contributing to the problem is a drastic rise in the number of scientific journals published around the world. (Para. C)
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3) Fraud was becoming increasingly diff icult to root out because most countries’ protective measures were either patchy or altogether absent. (Para. B)
4) Dr. Kennedy emphasized that the magazine had made no accusations of fraud against Dr. Hwang. (Para. N)
5) Experts cautioned that the committee’s credibility requires the addition of outsiders, and perhaps scientists from other countries. (Para. Q)
10. Coupled with the explosive growth of science is the rise in scientific scandals because of the absence of certain measures in many countries to investigate suspicions of fraud. Exploring the Topic
4. 1) The South Korean scandal that caused quite a stir in the scientific world last week reveals
just a symptom of a global explosion in research that is going beyond the mechanisms for rooting out malfeasance.
2) With research expanding globally, most research cannot benefit from such safeguards against scientific misconduct.
3) Surely the majority of scientists give priority to the truth, holding on to the principles of science, instead of giving in to pressures to scamp and fake the work.
4) Eliminating fraud was more and more difficult as safeguard mechanisms were either def icient or lacking in most countries.
5) An explosion of scientific journals published around the world leads to the problem.
5. Misconduct is detrimental to scientific progress in many ways: it can result in honest researchers being disfavoured in the competition for grants... Moreover, it creates a
bottleneck ... Cases of researcher misconduct ... can also lead to extensive negative coverage in the press...
6. We should be far more scared of mosquitoes than we are of bears; but we’re not. Why not? It’ s hard to be sure, but my guess is that it has to do with the way our brains work. Just as the
moose fears the wolf, we easily fear lions and bears because the connection between danger and the animal is clear and immediate. It is harder, I suspect, to develop fear of a mosquito because the deadly fever it brings does not happen straight after the bite. Instead, there is a time delay of days, weeks or years. In fact, the connection between mosquito bites and malarial fever is so obscure that we weren’t sure of it until 17. But our ancestors have been making connections between predators and death for ages. Integrated Exercises
2. (1) bar (2) merit (3) augment (4) identify (5) extract (6) retract
(7) raw (8) enhance (9) impose (10) assemble (11) retain (12) manipulate 3. The members of a word family false falsify falsehood falsity fraud fraudulent fraudulence publish publication published publisher finance financial financier honest honesty dishonesty dishonest investigate investigative investigation conduct misconduct conductive
Chinese equivalent adj.错误的v.伪造n.谎言n.谬误 n.欺骗adj.欺骗性的n.欺骗行为 v.出版 n.出版物 adj.已出版的 n.出版者 n.财政 adj.财政的 n.金融家 adj.诚实的 n.诚实 n.不诚实 adj.不诚实的 v.调查 adj.研究的 n.调查 v.实施 n.不正当的行为 adj.传导的 23 / 25
suspicion suspicious suspect suspiciously extract extraction extractor distort distorted distortion perception perceive perceptive perceptible cite citation citeable retain retainable caution cautious cautiously respond respondent response institute institution institutional ignore ignorance ignorable assess assessment assessable consist consistency consistent n.猜疑 adj.怀疑的 v.怀疑 adv.怀疑地 v.选取 n.提取 n.提取者 v.歪曲 adj.受到曲解的 n.扭曲 n.理解 v.察觉 adj.观察入微的 adj.可察觉的 v.引用 n.引用 adj.可引用的 v.保持 adj.可保留的 v.提醒 /警告 adj.谨慎的 adv.谨慎地 v.回应 n.被告 n.答复 v.制定 n.公共机构 adj.制度上的 v.忽视 n.无知 adj.可以忽视的 v.评估 n.评估 adj.可估定的 v.由……组成 n.一致性 adj.一致的 contribute contribution contributor contributory v.贡献 n.贡献 n.贡献者 adj.贡献的
(1) falsified (2) dishonesty (3) misconduct (4) fraudulent (5) citation (6) cautious (7) ignorance (8) assessment (9) perceptible (10) distortion 4. (1) D (2) A (3) A (4) C (5) D (6) C (7) B (8) D (9) C (10) D
5. (1) It is well-known that these chemicals have a detrimental impact on the environment.
(2) They awarded her a grant to study abroad for one year because she performed well in GRE. (3) Temperatures will soar over the weekend, say the weather forecasters. (4) The developers submitted building plans to the council for validation. (5) Women’s magazines are often perceived to be superficial. (6) Brierley’s book has the merit of being informative.
(7) No one doubted that the president was a man of integrity. (8) We are transferring production to Detroit.
(9) The reporter noted that the centre of the town was barred to football supporters.
(10) They felt that our discussions with other companies constituted a breach of our agreement. 7. (1) Contributing to the problem is the rapid increase in the temperature. (2) The medium and long-term effects of the experiment remain to be seen.
(3) The inspecting authorities shall have the obligation to keep the technological secrets of the units inspected.
(4) At the very beginning his experimental findings were posted on an Internet newsgroup and then burst into public view.
(5) Their announcement that human beings can be cloned has shaken the whole country. (6) We should take collective action to fight academic misconduct.
(7) The researchers acknowledge that the data on these differences are patchy. (8) His lecture failed to retain the interest of his audience.
(9) Failure after failure in the experiment made the weaknesses of that device impossible to ignore.
(10) This vision seems destined to remain in the realm of the imagination for some time to come.
8. A. (1) C (2) B (3) A (4) D (5) B
B. A peer-reviewed academic journal of psychology refused to accept the articles which tried to
replicate the findings of a published article and provided negative data. The same thing also
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happens in cancer research and in academic medicine. These are good examples of
publication bias — the phenomenon that unf lattering data gets lost, or gets unpublished. Although those are stories from 20, 30 years ago and the academic publishing environment is very different now, this problem of negative results that go missing in action is still very
prevalent. We should make it easier to publish negative results in science, and scientists should be encouraged to post more of their negative results in public. C. (1) T (2) T (3) F (4) F (5) T D. (1) the very simple and straightforward (2) fascinating
(3) slightly more sophisticated versions (4) make vitally important decisions (5) your new drug against a
(6) your alternative new treatment (7) the best currently available (8) consistently (9) get a license
(10) manipulate your data (11) too low a dose (12) side effects (13) brought in (14) set about
(15) ridiculously high
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