1. add
1) add to增加，增进
I have no right to add to the ache of her heart. 我没有权利增加她的心灵痛苦。
I simply don’t want to add to your trouble. 我只是不想给你添麻烦。
The house has been added to from time to time. 这所房子不时进行扩建. 2) add … to把…加进…
We should exert our imagination and add art to our teaching. 我们应当发挥想象力并增加教学的艺术性。 3) add up相加
Add up these figures and see if the sum is correct. 把这些数字加起来，看一下总数是否正确。 4) add up to总计，所有这一切说明
The money he spent added up to more than $1000. 他花的钱合计超过一千美元。
The evidence all adds up to a case of murder. 所有的证据都说明了这是一起谋杀案。
2. break
1) break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉
Modern music has broken away from the 18th-century rules. 现代音乐冲破了十八世纪的规则。
Fortunately, he broke away from the lawless group years ago. 幸运的是，他几年前脱离了那个非法组织。 The prisoner broke away from the guards. 那名囚犯挣脱看守逃走了。
I should break away from the bad habit of smoking. 我应该戒除吸烟的坏习惯。
2) break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开; 失败（指无结果中断计划、谈判等）
We are sorry to arrive late, but the car broke down. 很抱歉来晚了，可是车坏了。
Your health will break down if you work too hard． 太劳累的话，你身体会垮的。
Chemicals in the body break down our food into useful substances. 体内的化学把成分食物分解成有用的物质。 I expect the negotiations to break down soon． 我预料谈判不久就会中断。 3) break off暂停，中断；（关系、协议等）突然结束；解除
We had to break off our discussion because it was getting late．
时间晚了，我们不得不中断讨论。
The two countries broke off their relations last month． 这两个国家上个月中断了外交关系。 4) break in强行进入，插话
One of the neighbors broke in and found the old lady dead in her chair.
一个邻居破门而入发现老太死在椅子上。
I could tell the story more easily if you didn’t break in so often. 要不是你频繁插嘴，我的故事会讲得更加自如。 5) break into闯入
We had to break into the house as we had lost the key. 由于丢失钥匙，我们只得破门而入。 6) break into pieces打碎 摔碎
The glass fell to the floor and broke into pieces. 杯子掉在地上，摔成碎片。 7) break out爆发
The Second World War broke out in September 1939. 第二次世界大战是1939年9月爆发的。
8) break up打碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散; 结束；停止 Soon the policemen came and broke up the excited crowds. 不久到来驱散了激动的人群。
Difference of opinion broke the party up into camps. 意见分歧使该党瓦解成若干阵营。
Let us have a class meeting before we break up for the vocation. 让我们在放假前举行一次班会。
The number of homes broken up by separation or divorce is increasing rapidly.
因分居或离异而破裂的家庭数正显著增加。 What time is the meeting expected to break up？ 会议可望在几点钟结束？ 9) break through突破
Our troops had little difficulty in breaking through the enemy lines. 我军不费吹灰之力突破了敌人的防线。
3. bring
1) bring up抚养，呕吐，提出
His parents decided to bring him up as a businessman. 他父母决心把他培育成一名商人。
He brought up all he had eaten in the morning. 他把早上吃的东西全都吐了。
I hope you won’t mind me bringing this up again. 希望你不介意我再次提出这个问题。
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2) bring about造成, 导致,引起
The heavy spring rains brought about the flood． 特大的春雨造成了这场水灾。
3) bring out拿出，出版；使显出；生产
She brought out all her new clothes and showed them to me. 她拿出所有的新衣服让我一保眼福。
He still insisted that he would bring out a book in the spring. 他仍坚持他在春天出一本书。
Difficulties can bring out a person's best qualities． 艰难困苦方能显示出一个人的优秀品质。
They are bringing out a new brand of soap powder next month． 他们要在下月投放市场一种新牌洗衣粉。 4) bring in引入，引进，挣钱
They’ve brought in experts to advise on the project. 他们请来了专家当该工程的顾问。
The immigrants brought in new customs and new habits. 移民们带来了新的风俗习惯。
His vegetable garden brings him in $4000 a year. 他的菜园每年获利4000美元。 5) bring back送还；归还；使回想起
These books must be brought back within a week． 这些书必须在一周内送还。
His story brought back our happy childhood together. 他的故事使我们回忆起共同度过的快乐童年。 6) bring down使下降，使倒下
Good harvest will bring down the prices. 好收成会使物价下降。
A number of trees were brought down in the terrible storm. 许多树木都在风暴中被刮倒了。
7) bring to an end (a close) 使结束（ 停止）
They were anxious to bring to an end the argument of the last hours. 他们急于结束前几个小时的争论。
The meeting was brought to a sudden close when the chairman became ill. 病了，会议突然终止。
4. call
1) call on号召，拜访（某人）
I call on the people of this country to work hard for national unity. 我号召全国的人民为祖国的统一而努力奋斗，
He had come a dozen times to call on (upon) his weak father. 他多次来看望他体弱的父亲。 2) call at拜访、参观（某地）
I often called at my uncles’ when I was studying in Shanghai.
我在上海学习期间常常到我舅舅家拜访。 3) call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要
I will call for you at your house if you don’t mind. 如果你不介意，我就到你家来叫你（一同前往）。
They call for the region to be declared as a nuclear-free area. 他们要求把这个地区宣布为无核区。
The task before us calls for great courage and perseverance. 摆在我们面前的任务需要巨大的勇气和毅力。 4) call up使回忆起, 征召入伍，打电话
The sound of seagulls called up happy memories of his childhood holidays.
海鸥的叫声勾起了他童年假日的美好回忆。 Three boys were called up last week. 上周我们街上三个男孩应征入伍。
I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone. 我昨晚给你打电话，但是没人接。 5) call in召集，请某人来
Call the children in now；it's getting dark outside． 外面天快黑了，叫孩子们进来吧。
Your father is very ill; you should call in a doctor at once. 你父亲病很重，你应该立刻请医生来。 6) call out大喊，高叫
Each person stepped forward as his name was called out. 叫到名字时，每个人都跨到前面来了。 7) call off取消，不举行
He phoned me and called the appointment off. 他打电话给我取消了约会。
5. come
1) come about发生，出现
Sometimes it is hard to tell how a quarrel comes about. 有时很难说争吵是怎么发生的。 2) come down下跌，落，降，传下来
The price of meat has come down this week. 这一周肉价下跌了。
The snow came down thick and fast, but hey still went on their way home.
雪下得又大又猛，但他们仍然往家赶。
The child’s temperature came down in the morning 小孩的体温早上降下来了。
Mary’s necklace came down from her grandmother. Mary的项链是从她祖母那儿传下来的。 3) come in进来，到达
When did the train come in？火车何时到达？
4) come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)
As the plane came down through the clouds, green fields and white houses came into sight. 当飞机降到云层下面时，绿色的田野和白色的房屋进入眼帘。 No one knows when such a custom first came into being/existence. 没人知道这个风俗是何时出现（开始存在）的。 The method has only recently come into use. 这个方法最近才开始使用。
It has come into my notice that you have not been working as well as you used to.
我已经注意到你近来没有你以往干得出色。 5) come on来临，快点
Winter is coming on; you can feel it in the air. 你可以在空气中感觉到，冬天来了。
Come on; or we will be too late for the party. 快点，要不我们去晚会就太迟了。 6) come out出版，结果是，开花 The paper comes out every Friday. 这报纸每周五出版。
How did the story come out? 故事结果如何？
Some flowers have begun to come out in early spring． 早春时节，有些花已经开放了。 7) come along一道来，赶快
John wants to come along with us to the movie. John想和我们一道去看电影。 Come along, it’s nearly two o’clock. 快点，时间快到两点了。
8) come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是 The curtain dropped. The first act had come to an end. 帷幕降了下来，第一出戏结束了。
After talking for a long time, the two sides finally came to an agreement.
经过长时间会谈，最后双方达成协议。 9) come over走过来，改变立场或意见
He came over from North America last week，just to see us． 他上周从北美专程来看我们。
After a long debate they all came over to our side． 经过长时间的辩论，他们全站到我们这一边来了。 10) come up发芽，走近，被提出
I sowed some sword beans three weeks ago, but they haven’t come up yet.
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我三周前种了些刀豆，可到现在还没发芽。
We saw a big black bear coming up on us from the woods. 我们看到一头大黑熊从树林里想我们走来。
The question hasn't come up yet．这个问题还没有被提出来。 11) come across偶然碰到
You’re the most direct young woman I have come across. 你是我碰到的最坦直的年轻人。 12) come back回想起
It’s suddenly come back to me where I saw you last. 我突然想起了上次我在哪儿见到你的。 13) come from来自，源自
From this area come most of our best potatoes. 我们大多数最好的土豆来源于这个地区。
6. cut
1) cut across抄近路
We can gain some time if we cut across this field.
如果从这块地里抄近路，我们就能争取到一点时间。 2) cut down砍倒，削减
A large number of trees were cut down, so the land was ruined. 大批树木被砍伐，因此土地被破坏了。
Now the income of the family was cut down more than one-third. 这个家庭的收入减了超过了三分之一。 3) cut off切断，割掉，使隔绝
They’ve cut off the water temporarily because they are repairing one of the main pipes.
一条主管道在维修，所以暂时停水了。
The village was cut off by the snow for more than a month. 那场雪使这个村子与外界断绝联系一月有余。
The flood cut the villagers from the rest of the world． 洪水切断了村民们与外界的联系。 4) cut up切碎
The vegetables should be cut up into small pieces and dropped into the boiling water.
蔬菜应该切碎放到开水里。 5) cut through穿过，穿透
He cut through the playground on the way. 路上他穿过了操场。
The bitter cold wind cut through his jacket. 刺骨的寒风穿透了他的衣衫。
6) cut out删（省）掉，戒掉，剪下，剪裁 Let’s cut out the unimportant details. 咱们把不重要的细节删掉。
He has decided to cut out smoking and drinking. 他决心戒掉烟和酒。
She cut out the photograph from the paper． 她从报纸上把照片剪了下来。
The tailor cut out my coat very well．裁缝把我的上衣裁得很好。 7) cut in插嘴
She always cut in when other people are talking. 别人说话时他总是插嘴。 7. die
1) die of (disease/hunger/cold/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）
The basketball player died of Aids, leaving ten children with the society.
这个足球运动员死于爱滋病，留给社会十个小孩。
2) die from（accident/ freezing weather/ lack of food）死于（意外事故、寒冷天气、缺乏食物等外部因素） He died from a wound received in a fight. 他死于一次打架中受的伤。
3) die away（声音等）变弱，渐渐停止，渐渐消逝 The noise of the car died away in the distance. 汽车的声音消失远方。
4) die out绝种、灭绝、绝迹；（指习俗、做游戏等）消失、过时 The insect’s habitat is being destroyed and it has nearly died out. 这种昆虫因栖息地正受到破坏，几乎绝种了。 The old traditions are dying out. 旧传统正在消失
5) die down（flames, storms, pain等）火焰渐小，风暴减弱，疼痛渐消失
These rumors will soon die down 这些谣言不久就会渐渐消失。
The room seemed warm enough so we let the fire die down． 这房间似乎够暖和了，因此我们把火弄小了。 6) die off逐一死去 ，先后死去
The members of the family had all died off. 这家人一个个都死了。
7) be dying for sth/ to do sth 极想、渴望
I’m dying for something to eat/ to have something to eat. 我极想吃点东西。
8. fall
1) fall behind落后于（某人/某物）
I don't want to fall behind (others) in my studies．
在学习上我不想落伍。
2) fall over one's feet 跌跤、动作笨拙
He was an awkward child, always falling over himself and breaking things.
他是个笨拙的孩子，经常笨手笨脚地把东西摔破。 3) fall down掉下，跌倒 ，倒下
The baby tried to walk but kept falling down. 那小孩学着走路，但老是跌跤。 4) fall back撤退、后退、退却
The enemy fell back as our troops advanced. 我军前进，敌军后退。
5) fall down on sth. 没有把某事做好 He fell down on his promises 他未能履行自己的诺言。
6) fall on/ upon sb. to do 由某人承担/负担
It fell on me to bring him up after his parents’ death. 他的父母死后由我来负责抚养他长大。 7) fall for 对…信以为真；受骗，迷恋
Don't fall for his tricks！不要轻信他的伎俩！
My wife always falls for the most expensive dresses in the shop！ 我妻子总是迷恋商店里最昂贵的衣服。 9. go
1) go in for从事，喜爱，参加
Have you ever thought of going in for teaching? 你考虑过以教书为职业吗？
2) go through通过，经受 、研究、审核
The lawyers went through the evidence．律师们核查了证据。 She has gone through a bad period. 她最近经历了一段困难时期。
Could we go through Act I once more? 我们重排一次第一幕的戏好吗？ 3) go over复习，检查
She went over the lines before the first night of the play. 她在该剧首演前又练习了一次台词。 We went over the building. 我们查看了这座大楼。
You must go over the instructions of how it works before you use the microwave oven.
在使用微波炉前要先看看它的使用说明。 4) go up（价格、水平等）增长、兴建 The price of cigarettes is going up. 香烟价上涨了。
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New office blocks are going up everywhere. 到处都在兴建新的办公楼群。 5) go after追捕，追赶
He went after the escaped prisoners.他追赶那些逃犯。 6) go against违反，对某人不利
His thinking goes against all logic.他的思维完全不合逻辑。 The situation went against us.情况对我们不利。 7) go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧
Despite the bad weather, the exhibition will go ahead. 尽管天气不好，展览会照样进行。 ------May I start now? -----Yes, go ahead.
“我现在可以开始？”“可以，开始吧！” 8) go away离开
We are going away for the weekend.我们将外出度周末。 9) go by时间过去
As time goes by, my memory seems to get worse. 随着时间的流逝，我的记忆力好象越来越差。 10) go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 Hundreds died when the ship went down. 班轮沉没时，有数百人遇难。 The price of petrol is going down. 油价正在下跌。
11) go on (with)继续进行
If you don’t finish painting the kitchen today, you can go on with it tomorrow.
如果今天完成不了粉刷厨房，明天继续进行。 What’s going on here? 这儿发生什么了？
Suddenly all the lights went on. 突然所有的等都亮了。 12) go with与……相配，陪同、相伴 Her blouse doesn’t go with her skirt. 她的衬衫和裙子不协调。 Disease often goes with poverty. 疾病与贫穷常相伴而生。 13) go without没有，缺少
I had to go without breakfast this morning as I was in a hurry. 我今早很匆忙，只好不吃早饭了。
You came so late, so we had to go without you. 你来地太晚了，我们只好不带你去了。 14) go out外出，熄灭
Our daughter went out to Australia ten years ago. 十年前，我们的女儿去了澳大利亚。
There was a power cut and all the lights went out.
因停电所有的灯都灭了。 15) go all out for全力以赴
The Labor Party are going all out for victory / to win the election. 劳动党全力以赴争取选举胜利。
16) go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应 The gun went off by accident.那走火了。
All the lights went off suddenly. 突然所有的灯熄灭了。 This milk has gone off. 这牛奶变质了。
The performance went off well. 演出很成功。 17) go back on背约，食言
He never goes back on his word. 他从不食言 18) go beyond超出
This year’s sales figures go beyond all our expectations. 今年的销售额之高完全超出我们的预料。
10. get
1) get down下来，记下，使沮丧
Don’t let the incident get you down too much. 别让这事搅得你过于烦恼了。
Did you get his telephone number down? 你记下他的电话号码了吗？
2) get down to sth. / doing sth. 致力于，专心于 It’s time I went down to some serious work. 我该认真干点正事了。
3) get on进展，进步，穿上，上车，相处 Our youngest son is getting on well at school. 我们的小儿子功课很有进步。 4) get off脱下,下车，（使某人）入睡，下班。 I had great difficulty getting off to sleep last night. 昨夜我翻来覆去难以入睡。 I normally get off (work) at 5:30. 我通常是五点三十分下班。
5) get in收集，插（话） 请某人到家中服务 The farmers are busy getting in the crops. 农民们忙着收庄稼。
He spoke so fast that I couldn’t get in a word. 他说得太快，我不能插话。
We’ll have to get in a worker to mend the burst pipe. 我们得请工人来修理那根破裂的管子。 6) get away 逃跑，逃脱，去休假
We are hoping to get always for a few days at last. 我们盼着复活节休息几天。
Two of the prisoners get away from the prison.
有两个犯人从监狱逃走了。
get away with doing sth . 不因某事受惩罚
If you cheat in the exam, you’ll never get away with it. 考试作弊必予追究。
7) get over 忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 She can’t get over her shyness. 她克服不掉羞怯感。
He was disappointed at not getting the job, but he will get over it. 他因没有得到那份工作而大失所望，不过他能想得开。 8) get along with 进展，相处
How are you getting along with your study?你学习进展如何？ Do you get along with your boss?你跟老板合得来吗？ 9) get up 起床
10) get through 打通电话，用完，过错成，通过，经历 He gets through forty cigarettes a day . 他一天抽四十枝香烟。
I tried ringing you several times yesterday but I couldn’t get through ( to you ) .
昨天我给你打了几次电话，可是都没接通。
As soon as I get through with the work, I’ll join you . 我工作一做完就来找你们。
11) get round / about 消息传开，各处走动 The news of her resignation soon got around. 她辞职的消息不久就传开了。
She doesn’t get about much these days.她近来不大各处走动。 12) get close to sth . 接近，几乎
He got close to dying in the accident 他在事故中差点死了。
13) get into trouble 陷入（麻烦）
Don’t get into trouble before trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。
14) get to ( know ) （使）抵达，达到，开始或着手做某事
I got to know she is an American last week. 我上周才知她是个美国人。
He got to think that she perhaps wouldn’t come after all. 他已意识到也许她根本不来了。
15) get out （使） 出去，取出，离出，出版，泄露
If the news gets out, there will be trouble. 消息若泄露，必将有后患。
Will we get the new dictionary out by the end of the year? 咱们的新词典在年底出版吗？
11. give
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1) give away 赠送，泄露，出卖
He gave away most of his money to charity. 他把大部分钱都捐赠给慈善事业了。 His broad Liverpool accent gave him away. 他那很重的利物浦口音把他出卖了。
2) give out 发出、疲劳、分发，公布，消耗尽 Her patience finally gave out.她终于失去了耐性。 The teacher gave out the examination papers. 教师发了考卷。
The radiator is giving out a lot of heat. 散热器释放出很多热量。
It was given out that the President had been shot. 据称总统受到击。
3) give off 发出（光、热、气体） The cooker is giving off a funny smell. 锅里冒出一股怪味。 4) give in (to sb) 屈服
The government showed no sign of giving in to the kidnapper’s demands.
当局对绑架者的要求丝毫没有让步的迹象。 5) give up 放弃、让（座位）
I give up; tell me what the answer is. 我认输，告诉我答案吧。
He gave up his seat to a pregnant woman. 他把座位让给一个孕妇。
12. hand
1) hand in交上，提交
Hand in your examination papers now, please! 请把试卷交上来。
She handed in her papers. 她交上了论文。 2) hand out分发
The teachers are busy handing out the books to the students on the first day of the term. 3) hand down流传，遗传
Most of my clothes were handed down to me by my older brother. 我的衣服大多是由我哥哥传给我的。
I like to listen to stories handed down from generation to generation.我喜欢听代代相传的故事。
13. hang
1) hang about/around闲逛,徘徊
He hung about outside my house. 他在我家房子外面转悠。
2) hang on 紧紧抓住; 等待, 不挂断电话; 坚持；专注，仔细听 Hang on (to the branch) until I bring the ladder. 紧紧抓住(树枝),等我去拿梯子来。 Hang on a minute; I'm just coming. 请稍等一下,我马上就来。 Hang on a little longer. 再坚持一会儿。
The boy hangs on his teacher's every word. 这小男孩专心听老师讲的每句话。 3) hang up悬挂；挂电话
Don’t hang up your coat outside. 别把你的外套挂在外面。
She hung up (on me) while I was talking. 我还在说话时，她却挂断电话。
14. hold
1) hold back阻止，隐瞒
They must do something to hold back rushing fans. 他们必须想办法挡开蜂拥而至的慕名者。 You must be holding something back from me. 你一定对我隐瞒了什么。
The boss was unable to hold back his anger any longer. 老板再也抑制不住怒火了。 2) hold up举起，使停顿
I held up my hand to show that I had a question. 我举手表示有问题。
We were held up on our way to the airport in a traffic jam. 我们在前往机场的路上因堵车而延误了。
3) hold on别挂电话，等；坚持 ；继续，持续 Could you hold on? I'll just see if the manager's in. 你不要挂断电话好吗? 我去看一看经理在不在。 How much longer can we hold on? 我们能再坚持多久？
The storm held on all night. 暴风雨持续了一整夜。
4) hold on to 抓住……; 执着于……; 固守…… The little girl held on to the tail of his coat. 那小女孩抓住他外套的下摆。 5) hold out持续，坚持，伸出
How long will our fresh water supplies hold out? 我们的淡水还能支持多久?
The lady held out her hand to him. 这位女士向他伸出手。 6) hold down控制，
These measures helped to hold down the city's population. 这些措施有助于控制城市的人口。
The police have been called in to hold the riot down. 被请来。
15. keep
1) keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持
Keep up your courage, and you'll succeed in the end. 鼓起勇气，你会成功的。 2) keep up with跟上
We should keep up with the changes in fashion. 我们应跟上时尚的变化。
3) keep off (grass)不接近，离开
We kept off the topic of his marriage when he was present. 他在场的时候，我们避免提到他结婚的事。
\"Don't touch me,\" screamed the woman, \"Keep off!\" “别碰我，”这女子尖叫，“走开！”
4) keep away from避开，不接近，离…远远的 Children should be kept away from the river. 小孩子应该远离那条河。 5) keep out of
The thick coat can keep the cold out. 这件厚大衣可以御寒。
6) keep to (rules, promise)坚持，遵守
Always try to keep to the rules when you play a game. 做游戏时总是要遵守规则。 7) keep on继续，坚持下来
Keep on until you come to a filling station. 继续前进，直到加油站为止。
In spite of the noise outdoors, she kept on reading. 她无视外面的嘈杂声，继续读书。 8) keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下 She could not keep back her anger/tears. 她无法抑制愤怒／眼泪。
Every month the boss always keeps back 5 dollars from our salary without reason.
每个月老板总是毫无理由地从我们的薪水中扣去5美元。 9) keep from克制，阻止
Only pride kept her from bursting into tears. 只有尊严使她眼泪不流下来。
５
I can scarcely keep from asking him what he has done. 我几乎无法克制问他做过什么。
16. knock
1) knock at/on敲
I knocked on/at the door but there was no answer. 我敲了门，但没有回应。 2) knock into撞到某人身上
He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked off the car parked there.
他沉浸在他的书中以致于撞在停在那儿的汽车上。 3) knock down击倒；撞倒
The boxer knocked his opponent down. 拳击手把对手。
His son was knocked down by a car. 他的儿子被汽车撞倒。
4) knock out（拳击中）击倒…；（药品）使昏睡 He knocked out the challenger in the first round. 他在第一回合打败了挑战者。
The medicine knocked the child out soon. 这药不久就使小孩睡着了。 5) knock over撞倒；撞翻
He rode so fast that he knocked over the old woman. 他骑得太快了，以致于把一位老太太撞倒了。 6) knock off停止工作，休息
Let’s knock off and have a cup of tea.我们休息喝杯茶吧。
17. leave
1) leave for离开前往
He left for New York yesterday.
He left England for a tour of the world. 他离开英国去周游世界。 2) leave out删去，遗漏
\"Whose name has been left out?\" asked the teacher. 老师问道，“谁的名字被遗漏了？” 3) leave behind遗留,忘记拿走
I’ve left behind my hat on the chair. 我把帽子忘在椅子上了。 4) leave over遗留，剩下，延期
Don't leave this matter over until tomorrow. 不要把这件事留到明天。
Leave some meat over for tomorrow. 留些肉明天吃。
Those are questions left over by history. 这些是历史遗留问题。
18. look
1) look up查找，向上看
I looked up the word in my dictionary. 我在词典中查阅这个词。 2) look through翻阅，浏览
I spent two hours looking through the students' papers. 我花了两个小时翻阅学生的试卷。 3) look on旁观
Two men were fighting while people looked on. 两个人在打架，但大家都袖手旁观。 4) look on…as看作
I look on her as a promising pianist. 我把她看作一个有希望的钢琴家。 5) look into调查
I will certainly look into that right away. 我定将马上调查此事。 look into one’s face / eyes 6) look out(for)当心
Look out! There is a big hole in front.当心！ 前面有个大坑。
7) look about / around/round四下查看
He looked about/around/round but saw nobody, and he listened but heard nothing.
他环顾四周但是没看到任何人，并且听也没听到什么。 8) look down upon瞧不起
Don’t look down upon others. 不要瞧不起他人。
9) look back upon回忆，回顾
The old man often looked back upon the days of his youth. 这位老人经常回忆他的年轻时光。
10) look sb. up and down, look sb. in the face/eyes
19. make
1) make up捏造；编造, 配制, 打扮， 组成，占（比例） The boy made up a story; it was not true. 男孩编了个故事，这故事不是真的。 a made-up story 捏造的故事 make up an excuse 找借口
Ask the chemist to make this up for you. 请药商为你配这副药。
It takes him more than an hour to make up/do his make-up for the part of Lei Feng.
他花费了一个多小时化装为雷锋。 Are all animal bodies made up of cells? 所有动物的身体都是由细胞组成的吗？
Peasants make up over 80 percent of the Chinese population． 农民占中国人口的百分之八十以上。 make up for弥补
Hard work can often make up for a lack of intelligence. 勤能补拙。 They hurried on to make up for lost time. 他们加速进行以补回失去的时间。 2) make sth/sb into 使变为，把…制成
The huts can be made into temporary houses. 这个简陋的小屋可以改装为临时住宅。 3) make of由…组成(看得出原材料)
The bridge is made of stones. 桥是由石头建成的。 4) make from由…组成(看不出原材料)
Beer is made from wheat. 啤酒是由小麦制成的。
5) make out弄懂，发现，看出, 认出来，读出来, 填写，开列（清单）, 声称, 把…说成
I can’t make out what he wants. 我不了解他要什么。, We made out a figure in the darkness. 我们在黑暗中看出一个人影。
He immediately sat down and made out a check. 他立刻坐下来开了一张支票。 make out a list for the grocer
把要向杂货商购买的东西列成一张单子
He makes out he's younger than me.他声称比我年轻。 6) make for走向，驶往，促使
It’s late; we’d better turn and make for home. 时间晚了，我们最好转向回家。
Does early rising make for good health? 早起对健康有益吗？
20. pass
1) pass away去世；死
He passed away peacefully. 他安详地逝世了。 2) pass by走过, 漠视；不理会 (= pass over) I can’t pass the matter by without a protest. 我不能忽视此事而不提出。 A coach passed by just a moment ago. 一辆大轿车刚开过去。 3) pass down传递 (= pass on)
６
These jewels have been passed down in our family from generation to generation for hundreds of years.
这些珠宝在我们家代代相传已有好几百年的历史了。 4) pass through 经历
She passed through a difficult period after her marriage failed. 她婚姻破裂后一段十分困难.
5) pass over不注意；漠视；置之不理；不予考虑 They passed me over in favor of young Hill. 他们忽视我，而看重年轻的希尔。
Let us pass over his rude remarks in silence. 对他那些无礼的话，我们置之不理。
21. pay
1) pay back还钱, 偿还；偿付, 报复
Have you paid (me) back the money you owe me yet? 你向我借的钱还(给)了我吗?
I'll certainly pay you back for what you did to me! 你那样对待我,我一定要回敬你的!
How can I pay you back for all your kindness? 你的这番好意我该怎么报答呢?
2) pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应
They tried to leave the restaurant without paying (for the meal). 他们不付饭钱就要溜走.
The home team paid dearly for their defensive errors. 主队因防守错误而大吃苦头. 3) pay off还清；成功；有回报
The couple at last paid off all their debts. 那对夫妇最终还清了一切债务.
Our plan certainly paid off; it was a great idea. 我们的计划当然成功了,那是个很好的主意。
John studied hard before the examination，and it paid off． 约翰考试前学习很刻苦，因而得到了回报。
22. pick 1) pick up
捡起;抬起或举起某人;拿起;
He picked up the book from the floor.他从地板上把书拾起来. He picked up the child and put her on his shoulders. 他抱起孩子让她骑在自己的肩膀上.
She picked up the telephone and dialed his number. 他拿起电话就拨了他的号码. 获得
See if you can pick up anything about their future plans.
你能不能打听到他们未来计划的消息. 接人
I’ll pick you up at 7 o’clock. 7点钟我开车接你. 跌倒后自己站起来
She slipped and fell but quickly picked herself up. 她滑了一跤,但是很快站起来. 收听
My radio can pick up France.我的收音机可收听法国广播。 自然习得(language/knowledge)
He soon picked up French when she went to live France. 当他在法国的时候很快学会了法语。 好转;改善;恢复重获(pick up health)
Her health soon picked up after a few days’ rest. 她休息了几天,身体很快复元了. 加速pick up speed
2) pick out挑选，辨认，看出 He picked out the ripest peach. 他把熟得最透的桃挑了出来.
It was just impossible to pick out the hut on the side of the mountain.
那小舍坐落在山边,隐约可见.
Although he had not seen his sister for twenty years，he picked her out as soon as she got off the plane．
尽管他和妹妹有20年没见了，可她一下飞机他就认出了她。
pick cotton/flower/leaves摘、采 pick words选词
23. put 1) put up
架起,搭起，建起
Some of the students put up a tent and some began to cook a dinner in the open air.在户外，一些学生搭起帐篷，一些开始烧饭。 Many of these buildings were put up in the 1960’s. 许多这样的建筑都是六十年代建造的。 张贴；公布
Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate. 贾斯珀把几块`禁止停车'的牌子挂在大门外边。 举起
Put your hands up! / Put them up! 举起手来! 安装
It is hot; I’d like to have my air-conditioner put up. 天太热了， 我想让人来装空调。 接待；为…提供食宿；供膳宿
We can put up ten people for the night at a pinch. 必要时我们可以留宿十个人。 put up with忍受；忍耐；受苦
That woman, as a housewife, has a lot to put up with. 那个女人是个家庭主妇不得不忍受许多烦恼。 2) put out 伸出
The stranger put out his hand and hit me on the head. 陌生人伸出手来打了我的头。 熄灭；关熄；扑灭
Please put out the light before you go to bed. 上床之前请把灯关掉. 生产；出产；出版
The company puts out 900 cars a week． 这家公司一星期生产900辆汽车。 3) put off
延期；推迟
Don't put off until tomorrow what can be done today. 今日可做的事不要拖到明天。 (指车船等）停住让人下去
I asked the driver to put me off near the town center. 我请公共汽车司机在快到市中心让我下车。 使分散(distract)
The slightest noise puts me off when I am concentrating． 当我精神高度集中的时候，很轻的声音都会使我分心。 使不高兴，反感(displease)
Don't let his rough manners put you off． 不要对他的粗鲁态度不高兴。 推脱；回避(avoid)
He put her off with the excuse that he had too much work to do． 他以有很多工作要做为借口来搪塞她。 使泄气；阻止；劝阻(discourage)
I wanted to say something，but her face quite put me off． 我本来要说几句，但看到她的神情，又没有勇气开口了。 4) put into放进, 翻译, 用（精力，时间）做某事
Don’t put the fireworks into the bags.不要把鞭炮放在包里。
The foreigner tried putting some of the Chinese idioms they learned into English.老外试者把他们所学的一些成语翻成英文。 We’ve put a great deal of time and effort into the project. 我们为这一项目付出了大量的时间和精力。 5) put away储存（钱）；储存…备用；把。。。放好留待以后再用 He has a little money put away for a rainy day. 他积蓄了一点钱以备不时之需。
７
The boy put the food away in the cupboard after he finished his dinner.
小男孩吃完晚饭后把食品在橱里放好。
6) put down写下；记下,压制：平定；把某物放下 Put it down to my account, please. 请记在我的帐上。
The government is determined to put down the political opposition. 决心政治上一切反对派。
Put down that knife before you hurt somebody. 把刀放下，以免伤人。 7) put on 假装；伪装
She was a shy girl, but she put on a bold front and went to the party. 她是个害羞的女孩,然而却装出一副勇敢的样子去参加聚会。 增加；添上
So many people wanted to go to the match that another train had to be put on.
要去观看比赛的人那么多,只好增开一列火车。 put on speed增加速度 put on weight 体重增加 表演，演出，上演（戏剧）
The local drama group is putting on “Longing” at the theater. 当地的剧团正在剧院演出渴望。 穿上；戴上
The workers on the construction site should put on their safety helmets before starting to work.
建筑工地上的工人在开始工作以前都必须戴上安全帽。 I'm tired of those who put on airs．我讨厌摆架子的人。
8) put forward提出某事进行讨论, 提前某事, 把（钟表指针）顺拨（校准）
She is putting forward an argument/a plan/ a suggestion for reform. 她为改革提出一论据/一计划/一建议。
We’ve put forward (the date of) our wedding by one week. 我们将婚礼（日期）提前了一周。
Put your watch forward; you’ve five minutes slow. 把你的表往前拨拨，你的表慢了五分钟。
9) put through接通电话, 完成或达成（计划，方案等）, 使某人经受（苦难，考验等）
Can you put me through to this number? 你能给我接通这个电话号码吗?
The government is putting through some reforms. 正在实行一些改革。
You have put your family through much suffering.
你让你全家受了不少苦。 10)put aside节省（钱、时间）；储蓄；储存…备用, 撇开；置之不理；把…放在一边
The young lovers have been trying to put some money aside for their wedding.
年青的恋人一直努力存钱以备举行婚礼时用。
The manager had to put his work aside for a time for an urgent accident.
经理不得不暂时搁下手头的工作去处理一件紧急事故。 11)put back放回, 把（钟表指针）倒拨（校准）
Please put the dictionary back on the shelf when you’ve finished with it.字典用完后请放回到书架上。
My watch is fast; it needs putting back five minutes. 我的手表快了，需要拨回5分钟。
24. pull
1) pull down拆掉，推翻
The earthquake pulled down most of the buildings in the city. 那地震时城市中大多数建筑成为废墟。
A bad cold may pull you down and leaves you feeling miserable. 一场重感冒可以把你拖垮，使你感到非常难受。 2) pull in进站
The express from Beijing pulled in on time. 北京来的那列车准时进站了。
The ship pulled in to the shore at midnight. 那船半夜时靠岸。
3) pull off 匆匆脱去，使（成功）
She pulled off her raincoat before entering the room. 她进屋前先脱掉雨衣。
At last he pulled off the difficult task. 他终于成功地完成了这一艰巨任务。 4) pull on匆匆穿上
He pulled on his heavy coat and went out. 他披上厚外套出去了。
5) pull out取出；(火车)离站，（船）划出，
When all passengers were on board, the train pulled out of the station.
所以乘客上车后，火车开出了车站。 I am going to get a tooth pulled out. 我要去把一颗牙拔出来。
He pulled out his gun and aimed at the enemy. 他拿出并瞄准了敌人。
6) pull over驶到一边，靠向路边
The bus pulled over and picked up some passengers. 公共汽车把车停靠在路边，让一些乘客上车。
The policeman signaled the driver to pull over his car so he could check his license.
招呼司机把车开过来，以检查他的执照。 7) pull through恢复健康，渡过难关，脱离险境 The doctor is sure he will pull through. 医生确信他会恢复的。
The new manager of our company has pulled us through lots of difficulties.
我们公司的新经理已使我们渡过了种种难关。 8) pull up（使）停住
The car slowed down and pulled up by the telephone box. 车子放慢了速度，在电话亭旁停了下来。 If you drive too fast, the police will pull you up. 如果你开得太快，就要把你拦住。
25. push
1) push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去
We've decided to push on with our plan to build a new road. 我们已决定继续我们的计划来建造一条新路。 The crowd pushed forward to see the Queen. 人群挤向前去看女王。 2) push over推倒，刮倒
The boy, running round the corner, nearly pushed the old lady over. 那个男孩绕过街角跑时差点撞倒了这个老太太。 Many trees were pushed over in the hurricane. 很多树在飓风中被刮倒了。
3) push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过 They pushed the crowd and at last reached us. 他们挤过人群并最终找到了我们。
They were determined to push the new rules through at any cost. 他们下定决心不惜一切代价要通过这些新规则。
26. run
1) run across偶然碰到
I ran across a friend of mine in the public library. 我在公共图书馆偶然碰到了一位老朋友。 2) run after追逐，追捕
Instead of devoting himself to his studies, he wastes his time running after girls.
他没致力于学习，而是浪费时间追求女孩。 Why do you always run after adventure?
８
为什么你总是要冒险？ 3) run away逃跑
The teen-ager ran away after being punished. 被惩罚后那个少年逃走了。 4) run for竞选
He didn't want to run for president that year. 那年他不想竞选总统。
5) run into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞 She was so sleepy that she ran into a lamppost. 她太困了以至于撞到了路灯杆上。
I ran into trouble when I did the last problem. 当我做最后一道题时遇到了麻烦。 6) run out of用完
Our water has run out.我们的水已用完了。
Don’t run out of patience with her.不要对她失去耐心。
27. see
1) see off送行
I’ll see you off at the airport tomorrow. 明天我会到机场送你。 2) see through看透，识破
He is a poor liar; anyone can see through him. 他说谎不高明，任何人都能看穿。
3) see to照料，照管 see to it 务必做到，保证
I am busy at the moment; I’ll get an assistant to see to you.现在我很忙；我将找个助手来照料你。 I must go to see to some important things. 我必须去处理一些重要事情。 See to it that you’re ready on time. 请务必按时准备好。
28.send
1) send for派人去请
Leave my house now, or I will send for the police. 现在离开我家，否则我就叫了。 Have you sent anyone for new books? 你有没有派人去拿书？
2) send off送行=see sb. off；寄出，发出 There was a large crowd to send him off. 有一大群人在送他。
Why haven’t you got my letter? I sent it off last week. 为什么你还没有收到我的信？我上周就发出去了。 3) send out发出（光亮）等
The sun sends out light and heat. 太阳发出光和热。
They sent out invitations to many people. 他们向许多人发出了邀请信。 4) send up发射
Another spaceship has been sent up recently. 最近另一艘飞船已被发射。
29.set
1) set about开始着手(doing)
The waiter has set about cleaning the room. 招待已开始打扫房间。
2) set off出发，触发，引起，使爆炸 They have set off on a trip round the world. 他们已出发去环球旅了。
That strike set off a series of strikes throughout the country. 那场罢工引起了一系列的全国罢工。 we set off firecrackers in many places．我们在许多地方燃放爆竹。3) set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述
They set out for Britain yesterday.他们昨天动身去英国了。 The government has set out to make many needed reforms. 已开始进行许多必要的改革。
John hopes to have an opportunity to set out his plan next time. 约翰希望下次能有机会说明他的计划。 4) set to work(n.)开始做
We can set to work with a light heart. 我们可以轻松地开始工作。 5) set up建立
Do you know how to set up a tent? 你知道如何搭帐篷吗? 6) set back拨回，使推迟
I shall set my watch back by five minutes. 我将把手表拨回五分钟。
7) set aside 留出，拨出(时间金钱等)；把…置于一旁 He set a weekend aside for a small trip with his family． 他腾出一个周末和家人一起作了一次短途旅行。 Every month we tried to see aside a few dollars． 每个月我们都设法积蓄几美元。
The complaint was set aside as of no importance． 这个投诉被认为不重要，因而不被理睬。 8) set forth 阐明、出发
The President set forth his plans in a television talk． 总统在电视讲话中阐明了他的计划。
She willingly set forth her opinions．她主动提出了她的意见。
30. take
1) take along随身带
If possible, I will take my mother along with me when I go on a journey.
如果有可能，旅行时我要带上母亲同行。 2) take away拿走, 带走
The arrested man was taken away in a police car. 被捕的那个男子已被押上警车带走.
3) take back承认说错，收回，使回忆起往昔 I’m sorry I was rude; I take back everything I said. 对不起我失礼了，我承认我所说的全都错了。 Seeing that old film really took me back!
观看那部旧影片的确使我回想起了过去的岁月。 4) take down记录，取下
While listening to his speech, please take down the important points.听他演讲时请记录下要点。 5) take for误认为
We must not take it for granted that the board of the directors will approve of the investment plan.
我们决不可想当然地认为董事会一定会批准这个投资计划的。 What do you take men for? 你把我当成是谁了?
6) take in吸收，领会，充分理解掌握，接待某人留宿 It took me a long time to take in what you were saying. 我费了好长时间才弄明白你说的话。
He had nowhere to sleep, so we offered to take him in. 他没有地方可睡，于是我们就提出让他留宿。 Take in oxygen / water摄入氧气，吸收水分 7) take off脱掉，起飞，取下，腾飞 Take off your clothes; they're very wet. 脱掉你的衣服，衣服湿透了。
The nursery teacher often leads her children to watch planes take off or land.
幼儿园教师经常带领孩子们去看飞机起飞或降落。 Take off all the pictures in the classroom. 取下教室里张贴的所有的画儿。 8) take on呈现，承担，雇佣
His face took on a worried expression. 他的脸上呈现出担忧的表情。
We decided to take on a new clerk in the accounts department. 我们已经决定在会计部雇佣一名新职员。
９
She takes on extra work on Sundays． 她星期天还承担了额外工作。 9) take out拿出。带。。。出去，取出
He took his wife out to dinner on her birthday. 妻子过生日时他带她出去吃饭。
How many teeth did the dentist take out? 医生给患者拔了几颗牙？
How much do you need to take out (of the bank)? 你需要（从银行）取多少钱？ 10)take over接管，接任，接手
Who do you think will take over now that the governor has already been dismissed?
既然州长被免职，你看会由谁来接任呢？
I feel too tired to drive any more. Will you take over? 我累得开不动车子了，你来接手好吗？ 11)take up开始从事某事（尤其指职业），占用（时间空间），拿起，举起，提起，继续讲（中断的或他人没讲完的故事） His time is fully taken up with writing. 他的时间都用语写作了。
She has taken up a job as a teacher. 他已经当上教师了。
She will take her responsibilities next week. 他下周就要开始履行职责了。
She took up the story where John had left off. 他接着讲JOHN没有讲完的故事。
take charge of负责, take sth. for granted想当然 take hold of抓住, take pride in以… 为自豪,
take the place of, take turns to do轮流做, take office就职
31. think
1) think of想起，考虑到
There are so many things to think of before we decide. 我们要考虑到许多方面然后才能做决定。 They are thinking of moving to America. 他们有意移居美国。
Think nothing of it用作回映道歉，感谢等的客套话。 think nothing of sth./doing sth.认为。。。很平常，不特殊 She thinks nothing of walking 3 miles a day. 她觉得一天走30英里无所谓。
think highly / well / much / a lot / poorly / little of 对。。。评价高/不高
His work was highly thought of by the manager. 他的工作得到了经理的高度评价。
think of…as把…看作
He is thought of as a famous pop star. 他被认为是一个很著名的流行歌星。 2) think about考虑，思考，思索
Don’t you ever think about other people? 难道你就不考虑考虑别人吗？
She is thinking about changing her job. 他正在考虑换个工作
3) think out仔细考虑某事，想出主意 Think out your answer before you start writing. 要想好答案再动手写。
Can you think out a good idea to solve the present difficulties? 你能想出一个好主意解决目前的困难吗？ 4) think up想出，发明出，设计出某事
There is no telling what he will think up next. 谁也不知道他下次会想出什么花样来。 Can’t you think up a better excuse than that? 难道你想不出比这借口更象样的吗？
5) think over仔细考虑，慎重考虑某事（尤其指做决定前） I’d like more time to think things over. 我要多些时间把事情好好想想。
32. turn
1) turn off / on关掉，截断 / 打开
Let’s turn off the television, I would rather read a book. 让我们把电视关了吧，我宁愿看书。
She was so frightened while she was alone at home that she turn on all the lights.
她一个人在家如此害怕以至于把所有的灯都打开了。 2) turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转
However much he turned the problem over in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution.
无论他怎样反复考虑问题，他总是不能找到理想的解决方法。 If you turn over, you will find it easier to get to sleep. 如果你翻翻身，你就容易睡着了。
He sat there idly turning over the pages of a book. 他坐在那里无聊地翻一本书。
If you turn over a big stone, you will find a world of ants. 如果你翻开一块大石头，你会发现一个蚂蚁的世界。 3) turn out证明为，结果，生产制造出某物，培养出 If the day turns out wet we may have to change our plans. 万一下雨的话我们也许得改变计划。
“How did the party turn out?” “It turned out very well, thanks.”
“宴会举行得怎么样？” “非常成功，谢谢。” I hope all turns out well for you. 我希望你一切顺利。
The school has turned out some first-rate scholars. 这所学校培养出了一些一流的学者。 The factory turns out 900 cars a week 该厂每周生产出900辆汽车。
The English evening party turned out to be a great success. 英语晚会结果很成功。
4) turn to转向，寻求帮助指教等
She has nobody she can turn to.她求助无门。
The more depressed he got, the more he turned to drink. 他情绪越低落越是借酒浇愁。
The child turned to his mother for comfort. 那孩子向母亲寻求安慰。 5) turn down调节。。。使热度音量等降低，拒绝（好意，建议或提议的人）
He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health.
他想要参军但是因为身体不好被断然拒绝。
Don’t forget to turn down the gas after an hour or so. 别忘记过一个小时左右把煤气关小点儿。
Turn that record-player down---I am trying to get some sleep. 把电唱机的声音调节低点儿——我想睡会儿。 6) turn against变得敌视，反对 She turned against her old friend. 她和老朋友反目成仇了。
7) turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去不面对或不看
The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned away.
事故的景象太惨了，她掉过头去不忍看。
Hundreds of people had to be turned away from the stadium because it was full.
因满座，数以百计的人被体育场拒之门外 A doctor can’t turn away a dying man. 一个医生是不能见死不救的。 8) turn back返回，转回去
The weather became so bad that they had to turn back. 天气变得很坏，他们只好原路而归了。
The project must go ahead; there can be no turning back. 计划必须坚持下去，不能打退堂鼓。 9) turn round(around)转过身来，绕过某物
The car turned round the corner and disappeared from sight.
１０
那辆汽车一转弯就不见了。
Turn round and let me look at your back. 转过身来让我看看你的背部。
10)turn up（股票股市等）上扬，升值，向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大
Investment is turning up sharply. 投资额集聚增长。
We arranged to meet at the cinema at 7, but he failed to turn up. 我们安排好7点在电影院见，但他没有露面。 He turned up his coat collar against the chill wind. 他竖起大衣领抵御寒风。
I can’t hear the radio very well. Can you turn it up a bit? 收音机我听不太清楚，你把声音开大点儿行吗? 11)turn in上交，交还
She found a wallet on the ground, so she picked it up and turned it in to her teacher.
她发现地上有个钱包，于是捡起来交给了老师。 turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟
She turned the whole house upside down in her search for her missing purse.
她把整个房子翻得乱七八糟找寻他的钱包。 turn sth. inside out把里面翻作外面
She turned all her pockets inside out looking for her keys. 她把衣服口袋都翻过来找她的钥匙。
at the turn of the year / century一年之始，世纪之处，年度/世纪的新旧交替时期
take turns to do sth. /take turns at sth.轮流做某事 by turns / in turn轮流地，逐个地
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