第十章 句子的种类
(一)按使用目的,句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如:
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。(说明事实) The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)
2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:
a. 一般疑问句(General Questions):
Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗? b. 特殊疑问句(Wh-Questions):一般含特殊疑问词what,where,who,which等。 Where do you live? 你住那儿?
c. 选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡? d. 反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):
He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对? 3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令。例如: Don't be nervous! 别紧张! Go quickly. 走快点。
4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如:
What good news it is! 多好的消息啊!
(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类: 1)简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如: She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。 2)并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,
句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如:
The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。 3)复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。例如:
The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。
1 祈使句结构
祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。
祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。例如:
Take this seat. 坐这儿。 Do be careful. 务必小心。 否定结构:例如:
Don't move. 不准动。
Don't be late. 不要迟到。
2 感叹句结构
感叹句通常有what, how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词,how
修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种: 掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。
How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如:How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子!
How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如:How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱! What +名词+陈述语序。例如:What noise they are making! 他们真吵!
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What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如:What a clever boy (he is)! 他是多聪明的孩子!
What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如:What wonderful ideas (we have)! 我们的主意真棒!
What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如:What cold weather it is! 多冷的天!
典型例题
1)___ food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice
由于How 修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B 排
除。C的 How + adj. 后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)。
2)___terrible weather we've been having these days! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
3 强调句结构
常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子,结构为It is(was)+ 被强调部分+ that(who) + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语,宾语和状语。例如:
I met her on the street.我在街上遇到她了。 强调主语:It is I who met her on the steet. 强调宾语:It is her who I met on the steet. 强调状语:It is on the street that I met her. 典型例题
1)It was last night ___ I see the him.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
2)It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. that B. when C. since D. as
考点是连词用法。本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是,去掉It be„
that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is„that',只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
4 用助动词进行强调
句子的强调句还可以用助动词do (did,does) 强调谓语。例如: She does like this horse. 她的确喜欢这匹马。 Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。
5 反意疑问句
它表示提问人的看法,没有把握,需要对方证实。 反义疑问句由两部分组成:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简短的疑问句,两部分的人称时态应保持一致。
规律:陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式 可记为 “前肯后否定”.
陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式 可记为 “前否后肯定”.
1) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用 aren't I。例如:
I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I? 我跟你姐一样高,对吗?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。例如:
I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我想与你说句话,行吗?
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3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。例如:
Some plants never blossom(开花), do they ? 有些植物从不开花,对吗? 4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。例如:
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he? 他应该知道该做什么,对吗?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。例如:
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we? 我们要在明天早上八点到达那儿,是吗?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。例如: He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he? 他以前常在那儿拍照,是吗?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? 例如:
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 你最好自己去读,好吗?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。例如:
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he? 他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵,是吗?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。例如: You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you? 你想和我们一块去,对吗?
10)must在表\"推测\"时,根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。例如: He must be a doctor, isn't he? 他肯定是医生,是吗?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you? 你一定读过三年英语,对吗?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? 他肯定是在昨天完成任务的,是吗?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。例如:
What beautiful colors, aren't they? 多漂亮的颜色,是吗?
12) 陈述部分由neither„ nor, either„ or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 你不是工程师,我也不是,对吗?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, nothing ,that,this, 疑问部分主语用it。例如:
Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切就绪,是吗?
14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况:
a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。例如:
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, and he should have been in
China now, shouldn't he?
史密斯先生曾几次去过北京,按理说他现在应该在中国,是吗?
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b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。例如:
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he? 他说他想去日本看看,他是那样说的吗?
c. 陈述部分主句为第一人称,谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine
等引导的宾语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。例如:
I don't think he is bright, is he? 我认为他并不聪明,是吗?
We believe she can do it better, can't she? 我们相信她能做得更好,她能吗?
15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问
部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。例如:
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?) 人人都知道答案,是这样吧?
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?) 没人知道这件事,是吧?
16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。例如:
We need not do it again, need we ? 我们不必重做一遍,是吗? He dare not say so, dare he? 他不敢这样说,是吗?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。例如:
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she? 她不敢独自回家,是吗?
17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句,疑问部分用will you。例如: Don't do that again, will you? 别再这样做,好吗? Go with me, will you / won't you ? 跟我走吧,好吗?
注意:Let's(包括我在内) 开头的祈使句,后用shall we?
Let us(不包括我) 开头的祈使句,后用will you? 例如:
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we? 一起去听音乐,好吗? Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?
你让我们在阅览室等你,好吗?
18) 陈述部分是\"there be\"结构的,疑问部分用there。例如:
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there? 你的表有问题,对不对?
There will not be any trouble, will there? 不会有麻烦吧,是吗?
19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。例如: It is impossible, isn't it? 这不可能,是吗?
6反意疑问句的回答
前肯后否,正常回答;前否后肯,根据事实从后往前翻译。 如:
(1)They work hard,don’t they?他们努力工作,不是吗?
Yes, they do.对,他们工作努力。/No, they don't.不,他们工作不努力 (2)They don’t work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗?
Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力。/No, they don't. 是的, 他们工作不努力
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13.6 反意疑问句练习
1. You’d rather watch TV this evening, ______?
a. isn’t it b. hadn’t you c. wouldn’t you d. won’t you
2. I suppose you’re not going today, ______?
a. are you b. do you c. don’t you d. aren’t you
3. I wish to shake hands with you, ______?
a. shall b. may I c. do I d. will I
4. Three hours ought to be enough time, ______? a. oughtn’t three hours b. didn’t they
c. shouldn’t it d. shouldn’t three hours
5. They have to study a lot, ______?
a. don’t they b. haven’t they c. did they d. hadn’t they
6. That’s the sort of the book you want, ______?
a. is it d. isn’t that c. is that d. isn’t it
7. Your friend needs to come earlier, ______?
a. does he b. doesn’t he c. need he d. needn’t he
8. The little boy dare not go to church, ______?
a. dare he b. daren’t he c. does he d. doesn’t he
9. You must have made the mistake, ______?
a. mustn’t you b. haven’t you c. didn’t you d. hadn’t you
10. Let’s do the exercises by ourselves, ______?
a. shall we b. shan’t we c. will you d. will we
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